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TORREYA
A MonTHiy JoUuRNAL oF BoTtanicaL Notes anp News
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
NORMAN TAYLOR
Volume XIV
NEW YORK 1914
OFFICERS FOR 1014
President R. A. HARPER, PH.D. Vice-Presidents JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
Secretary and Treasurer
BERNARD O. DODGE, Ph.D. Columbia University, New York City
Editor ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D.
Associate Editors
JEAN BROADHURST, Pu.D. MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. ERNEST D. CLARK, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. fea tARRIS, Pu.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, PH.D.
NORMAN TAYLOR
COMMITTEES FOR 1914 Finance Committee Field Committee
J. H. Barnuart, Chairman SERENO STETSON, Chairman Miss C. C. Haynes Budget Committee Program Committee J. H. Barnuart, Chairman Mrs. E. G. Britton, Chairman N. L. Britton Miss JEAN BROADHURST B. O. DopGE C. STUART GAGER M. A. Howe F. J. SEAVER A. W. Evans fe Ei: RUSBY
Local Flora Committee N. L. Britton, Chairman
Phanerogams: - Cryptogams:
E. P. BICKNELL Mrs. E. G. BRITTON N. L. Britton Puitrep DowELL Cc. CURTIS Tracy E. Hazen
K. K. MAcKkEnzIE M. A. Howe NorMAN TAYLOR W. A. MurrRILyi
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences ; WILt1AM MANSFIELD
No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.
No No
No.
2, 3) 4, 5; 6, 7) 8, 9; 5 1)5 Hates 12,
1, for January
February March April
May
June
July August September October November December
DATES OF PUBLICATION
Pages 1-20 21-38 39-54 539-72 73-96 97-114
T15—132 133-148 149-166 167-200 201-228 229-267
Issued January 27, February 9, March Lp April 8, May 14, June 8, July 7s August 12,
September 18,
~ October
27;
November 27,
January
13,
1914 1914 I9I4 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 IQI5
ORREYA
A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUE
BY
NORMAN TAYLOR
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Addison Brow :\.F. Fi: Ruspy 2h ached i es pelea ds decdeh lesen Sale ae cota eee: I Violets new to southeastern Virginia: H. D. HOUSE.........:0:50.sesseenterece ee retennee 2 Reviews :
Two recent Tes on marine algae : MRE Wy asthe oda whe diac cuditaste se lvavemeces 4 Wilson’s Naturalist in Western China: N. TAvtor..........:- FROIN hs are an 78 American Breeders’ Magazine: A. B. STOUT....2-..+:..+5++- fp desde cbiepiotec eines epcidems 10
- Proceedings of the Club nash iy earecee hs Ba Ss De aS OD PDI a a A 11 pmewattem (hth da cat tue Punk RT RY a sea Mase 18
PUBLISHED’ FoR THE CLUB
| Ar 4: Nortu Quzen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. By Tue New Era Printing Company.
[mvered a atthe Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as reas class matter. j
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 10913
President EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH-D.
Vice- Presidents
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. HERBERT M, RICHARDS, $.D
Secretary and Treasurer
BERNARD: O.) DODGE, Ph.D. Columbia University, New York City
Editor ‘EDWARD | Boe MORRIS*
Associate Editors
JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D ERNEST D. CLARK, PH.D. - HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S. D. ALEX. W. EVANS, M-D., PH.D. ARLOW'’B. = ROUT:
NORMAN TAYLOR-
; Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only 5 for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will. be - furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLuB, 41 North Queen St., Lan- caster, Pa., or Columbia University, New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
NORMAN TAYLOR P
Brooklyn Botanic Garden : * Died 14 September 1913. Sa _ Brooklyn, N. Y._
TORREYA
January, IgIq4. Vol. 14 No.1
ADDISON BROWN
Judge Addison Brown, a member of this club since the second year of its existence and for ten years its president, died on the gth of April, 1913, in the eighty-third year of his life.
Judge Brown’s early studies were pursued under the tuition of Benjamin Greenleaf, the mathematician, to whose influence was probably due the fondness for astronomy which he always displayed. His collegiate course was at Amherst, and later at Harvard, where he graduated in 1852. His studies were re- markably well balanced and his life was characterized by an interest in widely separated fields of investigation. He was a competent art critic and a creditable violinist. His legal prepa- ration was at the Harvard Law School, from which he gradu- ated in 1855. He began the practice of law in New York City in the following year. In 1881, he became Judge in the United States District Court which position he held until his retire- ment, in I9oT.
Judge Brown’s botanical work, in which we are chiefly in- terested, began even before he became a member of this club, but was much more active thereafter. His connection with the club was most helpful to it, but it is interesting to consider also to how great an extent his own work in this field, and his great service to botany, were determined by this relation. Almost his first active work in local botany was in connection with our ballast plants. He preserved his specimens and formed a private herbarium, and also accumulated a good working library. Although he could not be regarded as a general collector, yet he made a number of botanical excursions in distant parts of this country and studied portions of the European flora in the field. His American travels extended as far as Alaska.
[No. 12, Vol. 13, of TORREYA, comprising pp. 265-301, was issued 30 December 1913}
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LIBRA NEW Y BOTAN
(PakRD
2
It is significant of the character of the man that Judge Brown’s later work was the more important. His service, in connection with Judge Charles P. Daly, in drawing the charter of the New York Botanical Garden, was of inestimable value, not only to that institution, but to botanical science. He became the president of the Garden in r9ro and continued in that position until the time of his death.
He was a subscriber to the endowment fund of the garden to the extent of $25,000 and he bequeathed to it property to the value of more than $20,000. This bequest is preserved in The Addison Brown Fund, the income of which is to be devoted to the publication of a magazine with colored illustrations.
The greatest botanical work in which the Judge participated was the writing of Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions, the second edition of which was completed just before his death. It should never be forgotten that Judge Brown undertook this great work with no expectation that it would ever repay its cost. His only anxiety was as to the probable extent of his loss, which he hoped would not exceed $25,000; and it is exceptionally gratifying, under such circumstances, that the publication proved to be financially, as well as scientifically, successful.
An extended obituary, written by Dr. N. L. Britton, will be found in the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden for
June, 1913. H. H. Russy
VIOLETS NEW TO SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA
By H. D. House
A single day was spent by the writer in the vicinity of Gilmer- ton, Norfolk county, Virginia, in April of 1912, and again in April, 1913. The only finds of real interest were violets, abundant and easy to find at that season of the year.
VIOLA SEPTEMLOBA LeConte This rare southern species seems well entitled to a position in the flora of the northeastern states, having already been twice
3
reported from southeastern Virginia. Excellent flowering speci- mens were collected by the writer at Gilmerton (No. 4860, April 20, I912), concerning a specimen of which Dr. Brainerd writes “ . is the most satisfactory one that I have seen from Virginia.”’
Growing abundantly with the species was found Viola emar- gimata (Nutt.) LeConte, and a hybrid between the two, which may be designated as
Viola emarginata X septemloba hyb. nov. Plant glabrous at flowering time, the leaves varying from deltoid to sagittate, the middle lobe of the blade elongated, the
Fic. 1. Viola emarginata X septemloba House. (Natural size.)
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lateral lobes very narrow, the basal ones nearly at right angles to the middle lobe; summer leaves several-lobed, the middle lobe longest and largest; flowers large, pale blue in color (Gilmerton, No. 4857, April 20, 1912).
This hybrid has some resemblance to the hybrid between Viola Brittoniana and emarginata, first found in the District of Columbia, and figured in Rhodora (pl. 71) in 1906. It lacks, however, the stoutness of that plant, and in its more slender habit shows its relationship to Viola septemloba. The name “ Viola emarginata Xseptemloba’’ has been previously used for a hybrid between Viola emarginata and Viola Brittoniana by Ezra Brainerd (Rhodora 8: 53. 1906). Dr. Brainerd at that time regarded Viola Brittonitana as identical with the more southern Viola septemloba, a position from which he has since receded.
VIOLA VILLOSA Walter
This southern species has not been previously reported from Virginia. It is quite common near Gilmerton on bushy cut-over land used as a pasture, the soil being very sandy (No. 5079,
April 19, 1913).
REVIEWS
Two recent works on the marine algae *
The publication, during the past summer, of Professor Bradley Moore Davis’s studies of the marine algae of the Woods Hole region marks an important forward step in the study of the American algae. In the first part of this work the marine flora as a whole and the various associations of species are discussed from the biological or ecological point of view. After an in- troductory chapter, the author discusses some of the factors
* Davis, Bradley Moore. A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Part I. Section II. Botanical. General characteristics of the algal vegetation of Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound in the vicinity of Woods Hole. Bull. Bur. Fisheries 31: 443-544. charts 228-274. 1913; Part II. Section IV. A catalogue of the marine flora. Bull. Bur. Fisheries 31: 795-833. 1913.
Weber-van Bosse, A. Liste des algues du Siboga. 1. Myxophyceae, Chloro- phyceae, Phaeophyceae, avec le concours de M. Th. Reinbold. Siboga Expeditie, Monographie 59a: 1-186. f. 1-52+ 1. 1-5. S 1913. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 4to.
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affecting the local distribution, such as the nature of the coast and of the bottom in deeper water, the tides and tidal currents, the effects of ice, depth of water, light, temperature and seasonal changes, and salinity of the water. In the third chapter, the characteristic algal associations and formations are described and analyzed. A chapter of remarkable interest and value concerns the algae of Spindle Rocks, a group of ten boulders at one of the entrances to the ship channel at Woods Hole. The flora of these rocks was under a more or less continuous observa- tion during a period of fifteen months and the seasonal variation in their flora is shown with great clearness by a series of eight charts. It is to be hoped, as the author suggests, that this record of interesting results may stimulate others to make similar sustained and intensive studies of the flora of other limited areas. The first part of Professor Davis’s paper closes with an account of the distribution of the marine algae in the deeper waters, the flora of certain inshore regions of peculiar interest, and with a series of charts illustrating the distribution of thirty-eight of the more common and characteristic species of the region.
The catalogue of species, which comprises the second part of Davis’s work, includes full details as to distribution and seasonal occurrence and cites the specimens and records on which his own records are based. The number of species recognized is 240. The nomenclature of the list is of the current sort. A recent reviewer, Mr. F. S. Collins, has commended it as ‘“con- forming to the Vienna Rules,’’* which is possibly true of it, to a certain degree. However, as Mr. Collins himself has more re- cently} hinted, the use of Farlow’s specific name Bornetiana for our common Griffithsia is obviously in violation of the Vienna Rules. It may be added that the specific name of our handsome red alga currently known as Dasya elegans is evidently, under the Vienna Rules, pedicellata, the type of the species being a specimen from New York sent to the elder Agardh by John Torrey. And Phyllitis, under the Vienna Rules and the Brussels
* Rhodora 15: 152. Ir Au 1913. + Science II. 38: 597. 24 O 1913.
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Amendments, is the legal name for a genus of ferns and as such is enjoying wide usage. A careful scrutiny would doubtless disclose other less obvious and less well-known violations of the Vienna Rules. But these are minor details and, rules or no rules, the nomenclature adopted by Professor Davis has the great and saving virtue of being readily intelligible.
Part I of Mme. Dr. A. Weber-van Bosse’s “Liste des algues du Siboga,’’ which appeared in September last, includes the Myxophyceae [Cyanophyceae], Chlorophyceae, and Phaeophy- ceae. It is based chiefly on specimens obtained in the Dutch East Indies in 1899-1900 by the scientific expedition under the leadership of Professor Max Weber, of the University of Amster- dam, the husband of the talented authoress of the “ Liste.”’ “Siboga’’ was the name of the Dutch cruiser used on that voyage of exploration and the present paper is a part of one of the sixty- six memoirs or monographs, for the most part already published, in which the scientific results of this expedition are made known. A part of the ground covered by the present ‘Liste’ has been included in more detail by the general monograph of the genus Halimeda by Miss E. S. Barton (Mrs. A. Gepp), constituting monograph 60 of the Siboga series, the general monograph* of the family Codiaceae by A. and E. S. Gepp, constituting mono- graph 62 of the series, and preliminary papers by Mme. Weber- van Bosse on Dictyosphaeria, etc. In addition to the material secured by the Siboga Expedition, the present ‘“‘Liste’’ takes into consideration also specimens “collected by Mme. Weber-van Bosse in an earlier visit to the Dutch East Indies (in 1888) and certain specimens sent to her by other collectors. The treat- ment of the genera Boodlea, Cladophora, Cladophoropsis, Micro- dictyon, Rhizoclonium, and Struvea, among the green algae, and of Sargassum among the browns, has been contributed by Major Th. Reinbold. His parts of the work are published in German, while Mme. Weber’s are in French.
In the treatment of the Myxophyceae, written by Mme.
* Reviewed in Torreya II: 133-137. Je IgII.
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Weber-van Bosse, one notes the proposal of several new species and of one new genus, Herpyzonema, of the family Stigone- mataceae.
The points of contrast between the marine flora of the East Indies and that of the West Indies are perhaps nowhere more obvious than in the order Siphonales of the Chlorophyceae. Of the twenty-five species of the genus Caulerpa, here attributed to the Dutch East Indies, ten occur also in the seas of tropical and subtropical America. Among the Siphonales of West Indian affinities, one notes that Acetabularia caraibica Kiitzing is main- tained as a valid species. Through the courtesy of Mme. Weber- van Bosse, the present reviewer,* about a dozen years ago, ex- amined most of the original materials on which this species was based and he expressed the opinion that they could not be satis- factorily distinguished from Acetabularia crenulata Lamour., described forty years earlier, the type of this also coming from the Antilles. This view of A. caraibica has since been adopted by Mr. F. S. Collinst and by Dr. Bérgesen,t both of whom have enjoyed good opportunities for knowing the West Indian plants of this genus. The types of both of the alleged species being West Indian, the question of their validity or identity is essen- tially a West Indian rather than an East Indian question. Among the Siphonales is a new genus Bryobesia Weber-van Bosse, first published, however, two or three years earlier, but now illustrated and described in more detail.
Among the Phaeophyceae, Madame Weber uses “‘TJlea (Fr.) Nordstedt’”’ for the genus currently known as Phyllitis, which name, as remarked in the preceding review, legally belongs to a genus of ferns. The name J/ea was first used by Fries for a genus of Chlorophyceae and as such is in current usage. Under the prevailing European rules of nomenclature, the taking up of Jlea for a genus of brown algae may possibly be justifiable, in spite of the confusion that it would entail, but the earlier use of Jlea in an entirely different sense happily forbids any such boule-
* Bull. Torrey Club 28: 331-333. I9g0T. :
+ The green algae of North America 378. 1909. t The marine algae of the Danish West Indies 80, 81. 1913.
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versement under the ‘rejection of homonyms’”’ principle of the “American Code.’ It seems to the reviewer that Petalonia Derb. & Sol. is the right name for the genus of algae commonly known as Phyllitis.
Mesospora Weber-van Bosse is a genus of Ralfsiaceae, pub- lished in a preliminary way a few years earlier, but now illus- trated and more fully described.
Major Reinbold, in his treatment of the genus Sargassum, recognizes forty-five species, of which three are proposed as new. In striking contrast to the genus Caulerpa, the forty-five East Indian species of Sargassum appear to include only one, S. baccif- erum, that occurs also in the West Indian region. In connection with S. bacciferum, the author, by the way, quotes J. Agardh’s statement that attached and fructiferous plants of this species occur “‘in rupibus extra New Foundland’’—a statement that, in all probability, rests upon some sort of error.
This first part of the “Liste des algues du Siboga”’ is illustrated by fifty-two text figures and five handsome plates. The appear- ance of the second part of this important work, to include the Rhodophyceae, will be awaited with much interest.
MarsHALL A. HOWE
Wilson’s A Naturalist in Western China*
When, in 1859, Asa Gray brought out his now famous paper on the relationship of the Japanese flora to that of eastern North America, it is doubtful if he realized how completely that idea was to be supported by a man who was to explore the interior of China more than fifty years later. As we now know, many of the plants mentioned by Gray as of Japanese origin were only introduced into Japan from China, and his paper must be construed today as an attempt to explain the very close relation- ship between the flora of eastern North America and eastern Asia.
More than any living botanist, Mr. E. H. Wilson has made it
* Wilson, E.H. A naturalist in western China with vasculum, camera and gun. With an introduction by C. S. Sargent. Vol. I. pp. i-xxxvii+i1-—251. Vol. 2. pp. I-229. ror illustrations and map. New York. Doubleday, Page & Co. 1913. Price $7.50.
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possible for us to know something of the region in the hinterland of China and the Thibetan frontier, his travels and collections extending over a period of eleven years. Some idea of the extent of his work will be gained by remembering that he has collected some 65,000 specimens, comprising about 5,000 species, and sent home seeds of over 1,500 different plants. Thousands of these are now growing in England at Messrs. Veitch and Son’s and an equal, or greater number, mostly woody plants, at the Arnold Arboretum in this country. It is difficult to speak with restraint of the importance of these additions to our cultivated plants, and it is no exaggeration to say that Mr. Wilson’s plants form the most important collection ever brought out of China. Frequent scattered notices of these plants have appeared in the Gardener’s Chronicle and the Botanical Magazine. Many of the finer species, horticulturally, are already in the trade, mostly in England, but some are to be had here. Of course, the most complete collection of the woody plants is at the Arnold Ar- boretum, but many private estates have some of them and there is a collection of over 400 species now at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The scientific results of these remarkable expeditions have already appeared, in part, as Plantae Wilsonianae, published at the Arnold Arboretum. Professor C. S. Sargent has con- tributed to the present volume a technical introduction on the relationship of the tree flora of China and eastern North America. - It would be extraordinary if a traveller and botanist of such accomplishments could not make an interesting narrative of his journeys in this all but unknown country, and such the present work proves to be. It isan intimate and personal account of the author’s travels, especially in the vast province of Szechuan and the Thibetan frontier, and the wealth of botanical information is astounding. Very few of us realize the diversity and richness of this temperate flora in western China (it is the richest in the world) reaching its greatest profusion at, and westward of a point, some thousand miles up the Yangste River (Mr. Wilson says Yangste-Kiang is unintelligible to all the Chinese he has ever met, and that the name is simply Yangste). No review could do adequate justice to the botanical features of Mr. Wilson’s
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book, the information is so much a part of the general text and of such varied character. There are, of course, special chapters on the medicinal plants, fruits, general economic products, timber — trees, agriculture, gardens and gardening, and the tea industry.
Besides all the interesting data about plants and their products, the author has been very much alive to all that was happening during his travels, and there is a great deal of very interesting narrative in connection with the people of this little known king- dom. Particularly the Chino-Thibetan frontier country with its all but unknown people has claimed considerable attention. Their religions, mode of life and peculiar marriage customs are very interestingly dwelt on. There are four chapters devoted to sport, in which most of the animals and birds seen during the trip are described. A concluding chapter gives, succinctly, the causes and probable tendency of the present political unrest in China, as they appeal to the author. There are over a hundred splendid illustrations accompanying the text, nearly all of which were taken by the author on the spot.
It is not too much to say of these volumes that they should be read by all who are interested in botany, by every traveller or one who hopes to travel in China, and that for the general reader and merchant there is more information in attractive form about western China than in any other work that comes readily to mind.
NORMAN TAYLOR
The American Breeders’ Magazine*
The American Breeders’ Magazine for the second quarter, 1913, announces important changes in the organization and administration of the American Breeders’ Association. In regard to the character of the magazine published by the association for the benefit of its members, the announcement states in part as follows:
“The desire of the new management is, briefly: to retain the high standard of scientific accuracy which has made the magazine valued in the past, but at the same time to present articles of
* The price of single copies is $.25. Membership is $2.00 a year. Address all communications to American Breeders’ Association, Washington, D. C.
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such a nature, and so well illustrated, that they will interest not only those working in the particular field of which the article treats, but all who desire to keep informed in an authoritative way of progress made in plant and animal breeding and eugenics.”
The magazine will be issued monthly instead of quarterly as hitherto.
This enlargement and improvement of The American Breeders’ Magazine is made possible only by a guarantee fund of $3,000 annually for three years pledged by members and friends of the Association to cover possible deficits.
It is to be hoped that the increase in membership which the ~ work and the publications of the association warrant will make the use of the guarantee fund unnecessary.
The number issued for October contains the following articles illustrated by eleven full-page plates and one half-page plate:
Announcement of Reorganization of the Association.
New Citrous Fruits, by Walter T. Swingle.
Eugenic Immigration, by Robert DeC. Ward.
New Plants for Breeders, by David Fairchild.
Color Inheritance in Swine, by W. W. Smith.
Publications Received.
Report of Fourth International Conference on Genetics.
Association Matters.
Since the above was written, three further numbers of the publication have appeared of which the first two complete volume IV. The issue for January, 1914, bears the new title “‘The Journal of Heredity,” and announces that the American Breeders’ Association is henceforth to be called the American Genetic Association. These three issues under the new management show marked enlargement and improvement, fully meeting the
plans announced in the preceding number. Ae Bs SOUL
PROCEEDINGS TOF iH E CLUB OCTOBER 29, 1913
The meeting of October 29, 1913, was held in the laboratory of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 P.M., Dr. Marshall A. Howe acting as chairman. Fifteen persons were present.
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The minutes of the meeting of October 14 were read and approved.
Dr. E. G. Arzberger, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., was nominated for membership.
Dr. H. H. Rusby on behalf of the committee to prepare a suitable memorial of Judge Addison Brown submitted a bio- graphical sketch which was, on the motion of Professor R. A. Harper, referred to the board of editors for publication.
The resolutions relating to the death of Judge Brown and E. L. Morris were ordered engrossed and sent to the families of the deceased.
The first number of the scientific program was a paper on the Ambrosiaceae.
Dr. Rydberg presented some preliminary remarks on the results of his investigations of the family Ambrosiaceae of which he is preparing a monograph for the North American Flora. His work has been -confined to the Ambrosiaceae proper. This group is represented in the eastern United States by the genera Ambrosia and Xanthium. These two genera were the only ones known to Linné when he wrote his Species Plantarum. The characters distinguishing the two are the following:
In Ambrosia the bracts of the staminate heads are united. The pistillate head contains usually only one flower and forms a bur with a single beak which is 3- or 4-toothed at the apex and very little oblique. The bur is armed with a single circle of small straight spines. In Xanthiuwm the bracts of the staminate heads are distinct. The pistillate head develops into a bur with nu- merous hooked spines and two beaks which are very oblique at the mouth and have only 2 lobes, of which the outer one is much longer and usually hooked. The younger Linnaeus described in the Supplementum Xanthium fruticosum, which disagrees with the whole genus in having the bracts of the staminate heads united as in Ambrosia.
Medicus claimed that the older Linnaeus had included this species in Ambrosia, which statement has been impossible to verify. Medicus in Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. 3:'247. 1775 dis- cusses this species, still including it in Ambrosia, but suggests
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that it may constitute a distinct genus. In 1889, in Philosophia Botanica he actually proposed it as a genus, Gaertneria. Unfor- tunately there is a Gaertnera of Schreber of the same year. In 1793, Cavanilles described the new genus Franseria. Most authors have regarded Gaertneria of Medicus and Franseria of Cavanilles the same. The genus has been known mostly under the latter name. O. Kuntze was the first one in later years who took up the older name Gaertneria, but he dates it from 1775 the year when Medicus first discussed the species, but as he did not propose a new name for it, but still retained the species in Am- brosia, this cannot be regarded as publication; and Gaerineria might be antedated by Gaertnera Schreber. However, a new question arises.
The only character separating Xanthium and Franseria is the distinct bracts of the staminate heads in the former and the united ones in the latter. In one species of Franseria the bracts are only united at the base and this character might not be generic. In other respects the original Franseria is very closely related to Xanthium, having many numerous and hooked prickles and 2-4 beaks on the fruit, of the character of those in Xanthium, while the most species that have been included in Franseria are closely related to Ambrosia. As stated before, Ambrosia has only one beak that is scarcely oblique at the apex and usually 3-4-toothed. This character is also found in two North American species of Franseria, but all the other species have 2-toothed, very oblique beaks as in Xanthium. Some have one beak, some two or even as many as six or seven. The question is whether the number of beaks, the number and structure of the spines are not just as good generic characters as the number of series of spines and the union or non-union of the bracts of the staminate heads. If such combinations are made the genus Franseria should be divided into several genera. Such species as Franseria acanthicarpa, tenu- folia and bipinnatifida differ very little from Ambrosia, the distinction being in consisting only of 2-4 series of spines instead of single ones and an oblique 2-toothed beak. The general habit is that of Ambrosia and the staminate heads essentially identical. Such species as Franseria discolor and tomentosa are
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also very close to Ambrosia, but the beaks are 2 or more. The number of beaks corresponds also to the number of cavities in the bur. Each cavity and beak contains usually only one pistil but sometimes two. These species are closely related to the original Gaertneria. In all these species the spines are rather few, seldom 30, and either short and without any hooks at the end, or else more or less flattened or channeled on the upper side. The original species of Franseria on the contrary has numerous spines and numerous series, the number of spines being over 100. They are long and slender and hooked at the end, and the whole fruit in structure agreeing with Xanthium.
The only one who has tried to make segregates in the genus is Delpino, who proposed the genera Xanthidium, Hemixanthidium and Hemiambrosia, but his arrangements cannot be followed, because he included in Xanthidiwm the original supposed Fran- seria and Gaertneria and applied the name Franseria to the I- beaked species most closely related to Ambrosia. Besides the name Xanthidium is preoccupied. _ Hemixanthidium was proposed on a species which Delpino claimed had two kinds of pistillate heads, the one kind described as the ordinary one, the other form as found occasionally but as evidently caused by some disease. His Hemiambrosia is based on the species which would be included in Ambrosia.
There are two species of Franseria, however, that are very peculiar in their structure, namely, F. eriocentra and F. Bryantt. Both have a single beak which is scarcely oblique and with several teeth.
The former has only one pistil, but the spines are in several series and the plant is of quite different habit, otherwise the plants could be included in Ambrosia. The most peculiar of all is F. Bryantt, which also has a single beak, and the spines are practically in a single series. According to these characters the plant should be included in Ambrosia, but the bur contains several pistils and is several-celled, although the beak is single and the spines are enormously elongated, sometimes 2-3 cm. long. If none of the other species of Franseria are regarded as generic types, this one should. It is more distinct from Fran-
15
seria than from Ambrosia, but could not be included in the latter genus.
Where the generic line should be drawn is hard to tell and Dr. Rydberg was not prepared to give his final conclusions. It is evident, however, that the treatment hitherto followed is not satisfactory. Some of the species of Franseria could easily be included in Ambrosia by modifying the latter genus a little. Other species are on the other hand so closely related to Xanthium that it is hard to draw any line, except the united bracts and the staminate heads. It would be better to segregate the genus _ Franseria into several than to leave it as it is, but where and how to draw the generic line is hard to tell.
There is another genus of the same group, namely, Hymenoclea. The structure of the pistillate head is essentially that of Ambrosia, except that small spines of that genus have been replaced by broad and thin wings. The beak is essentially of the same struc- ture. In one species the wings are in a single series, but in the other species there are some scattered wings below. In this respect, the species stand to each other in the same relationship as the genera Franseria and Ambrosia, but none of the species have the beak of Franseria. There will be no good reason for segregating them into several genera on account of the number of series of appendages.
Why should the number of series be regarded as a good char- acter in separating Franseria and Ambrosia? And then the question arises, if all four genera in reality could not be regarded as one. There seems to be no reason why they should not if Franseria is left as it 1s.
Dr. Britton announced the approaching completion of Mr. Norman Taylor’s studies on the local flora within 100 miles of New York City, which have extended over several years, and also the authorization of the publication of the results of this work by the scientific directors of the New York Botanical Garden. The greater portion of the investigation was accom- plished during the period while Mr. Taylor was an officer of the New York Botanical Garden, and has been completed during his association with the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Britton
16
remarked on the preceding ctalogues of the local flora, including the list prepared by Dr. Torrey, Dr. Eddy, and Mr. Knevals, published by the Lyceum of Natural History in 1819, the list prepared by Mr. Leggett and his associates, published in Volumes 1-6 of Bulletin, 1870-1876, and the catalogue of 1888, prepared by himself with the aid of Mr. Stearns and Mr. Poggenburg. Mr. Taylor’s work is much more elaborate than any of the pre- ceding catalogues, as it contains keys for the rapid determination of species, detailed citations of distribution, and of habitat, together with statements of distribution by geological formations, by altitude, and with relation to temperature and the length of the growing season.
Mr. Otto Kunkel spoke of collecting rusts in the Adirondacks. Dr. R. M. Harper gave a brief description of certain floral features of northern Michigan. An abstract follows:
The biological station of the University of Michigan is located in the wilderness on the shore of Douglas Lake, about 17 miles south of the Straits of Mackinac. The lake covers seven square miles, and has a varied and interesting flora along its shores. The surrounding country is very sandy, and was originally covered mostly with white pine forests, which were cut off about thirty years ago, and have not reproduced themselves to any considerable extent since, on account of too frequent fires. There are small areas of hardwood forest, in nearly primeval condition, and many swamps full of conifers of the traditional or conventional narrow conical form, familiar in all parts of the northern hemisphere where the snowfall is heavy. The abun- dance of fleshy fruits in that neighborhood, which is near the southern edge of the boreal conifer region, is noteworthy. They occur in many different families, even including the Cyperaceae.
Adjournment followed. B. O. DoncE,
Secretary NOVEMBER II, I913 The meeting of November I1, 1913, was held at the American Museum of Natural History at 8:15. President Burgess presided. Twenty-four persons were present.
Ng
The minutes of October 29 were read and approved. Dr. O. E. White, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., was nomi- nated for membership.
The scientific program consisted of an illustrated address on “Spore Formation in the Slime Moulds,” by Prof. R. A. Harper.
Adjournment followed.
MiIcHAEL LEVINE, Secretary pro tem. NOVEMBER 26, 1913 _ The meeting of November 26, 1913, was held in the laboratory of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 P.M. with Vice- president Barnhart presiding. Twelve persons were present.
The minutes of November 11 were read and approved.
Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, was nominated for membership.
On the motion of Dr. Murrill, the secretary was instructed to accept the terms proposed by the De Felice Company in con- nection with the engrossing of the resolution relating to the death of Judge Addison Brown and E. L. Morris, such engrossing having been authorized at the last meeting.
Dr. E. G. Arzberger, Dr. O. E. White and Dr. G. Clyde Fisher were then elected to membership in the Club.
Dr. Murrill exhibited specimens of a species of Phellorina collected near Laredo, Texas, by Dr. J. N. Rose in October, 1913. He pointed out the relationship existing between this genus and Podaxon and also spoke briefly of the family Podaxaceae, com- prising ‘peculiar, stalked, puffball-like fungi inhabiting desert places.
Mrs. E. G. Britton followed with the announced paper on ‘“Mosses of the Virgin Islands and Central America.”’
Mrs. Britton showed a collection of mosses made in the Danish West Indies and the Virgin Islands during the month of Febru- ary, 1913, and also a small collection from St. Kitt’s. She read an account of the work done by J. Breutel in 1841 (quoted from Urban’s Symbolae) on these islands and exhibited a collection of specimens preserved in the Mitten Herbarium, which included six species from St. Thomas and St. Jan, and six from St. Kitt’s,
18
including Hymenostomum Breutelii (C. M.) Broth. which is common on St. Thomas. The collections of this year included 75 specimens, representing 26 species and 19 genera of mosses, including 2 new species, one a small Phascum, collected on road- side banks, near Charlotte Amalia and an undescribed species of Hyophila from the Island of St. Jan collected by Dr. Britton and Dr. Shafer.
Mrs. Britton also read by title, for publication in the Bulletin, a report on some collections of Central American mosses sent for determination from the National Museum including specimens from Guatemala and Costa Rica, including also some specimens from Honduras collected for the New York Botanical Garden by Mr. Percy Wilson. These included 54 species representing 34 genera, with descriptions of a new species of Macromitrium and a new genus Isodrepanium raised from subgeneric rank to include two synonyms, with illustrations and specimens collected in Jamaica, Central America and South America.
Mr. Taylor gave some account of the flowering plants collected by Mr. Robert Cushman Murphy on the island of South Georgia in the Antarctic regions. Specimens were exhibited, and one or two illustrations also, from the work of Dr. Carl Skottsberg.
Adjournment followed. B. O. DonceE,
Secretary NEWS ITEMS
At the annual meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences held December fifteenth, the following botanists ‘were elected fellows of the academy: Oakes Ames, R. A. Harper, Wm. Mans- field, W. A. Murrill and Norman Taylor. At the same meeting Dr. N. L. Britton presented the name of Sir David Prain, Lieut.-Col., director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for election as an honorary member of the academy. Dr. M. A. Howe was elected a councilor for 1914-1916.
Professor F. L. Stevens; of Mayaguez, Porto Rico, has accepted the position of professor of plant pathology at the University of Mlinois. The appointment becomes effective February 1, and thereafter Professor Stevens’s address will be Urbana, III.
19
Rev. Reuben Denton Nevius, D.D., died at Tacoma, Wash- ington, December 14, 1913. He was born at Ovid, New York, November 27, 1827, and was a graduate of Union College of the class of 1849. He was a Protestant Episcopal clergyman and missionary, and, it is said, had been instrumental in establishing more than thirty churches and chapels in the Pacific Northwest. As a botanist he was known for his work as a collector in Alabama, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Asa Gray dedicated to him the handsome rosaceous shrub Neviusia alabamensis, which is known only from two localities in Alabama. Chenactis Nevii, Mnium Nevu, Racomitrium Nevii, Sedum Nevii, and perhaps other species commemorate his botanical interests. Dr. Nevius is reputed to have possessed the best collection of diatoms in the Northwest.
P. B. Kennedy, Ph.D.,’99, Cornell, professor of botany, horticulture and forestry in University of Nevada College and Experiment Station, has accepted a position with the University of California as assistant professor of agronomy, beginning January I, I914.
Mrs. Agnes Chase, assistant in systematic agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, has returned from Porto Rico where she has been collecting and studying grasses for about two months. Of the 123 species of grasses known from the island she obtained all but three, and about 40 additional species. Arthrostylidium sarmentosum Pilger, a climbing bamboo, known only in the sterile condition, was obtained in flower.
Dr. Arthur Hollick, curator of paleobotany at the New York Botanical Garden for many years, has resigned to accept the position of curator-in-chief, of the Museum of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, vacated by the resignation of
Mire G1 Pollard:
We regret to record the death of Mr. C. B. Robinson at the island of Amboina announced in the daily papers at Christmas. Details are as yet lacking and the date of his death is unknown. He was collecting there for the Philippine Bureau of Science.
20
According to the Evening Post, George W. Hess, of the District of Columbia, has been appointed Superintendent of the National Botanic Garden to succeed C. Leslie Reynolds, who died recently. Mr. Hess is forty-nine years old, and has been growing flowers and trees since he was sixteen. For the last few years he has resided in the South. Atarecent civil service examination he got a rating of 100 per cent. on the growing of foreign plants, and 98 per cent. on general gardening.
At the annual meeting of the Club held Tuesday, January 13. the following officers were elected for the coming year: Presi- dent, R. A. Harper; Vice-Presidents, J. H. Barnhart and H. M. Richards: Secretary and Treasurer, B. O. Dodge; Editor, A. W. Evans and the following Associate Editors, Jean Broadhurst, E. DD: Clark, J.-A. Harris, M.. A. Howe, H. M. Richards:cA] Be Stout, and Norman Taylor. Dr. William Mansfield was elected delegate to the council of the New York Academy of Sciences.
: ® The Torrey Botanical Club Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six - gratuitous copies of the number of TorREyAin which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof. ~ Reprints should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor. The New Era: Printing Co., 41 North Queen
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The following Committees have been appointed for 1913
Finance Committee __ *- Bield Committee J. I. Kane, Chairinant SERENO. STETSON, Chazriman RoperT A. Harper ; Budget Committee ‘ Program Committee -jJ. H. Barnuart, Chairman Mrs. E. G. Britton, Chairman N: L. Britton : Miss JEAN BROADHURST ays O. DopdGE € Sruart Gacer 5° M. A. Howe F, J. SEAVER E. L: Morris H. H.-Ruspy
Local Flora Committee N..L. Britton, Chairinan
Phanerogams: Cryptogams: UES PY BICKNEEL tr Mrs. E. G. Britron N. L. Britton Puitie DOWELL
C2C Curris to Tracy Es HAZEN
K. K. Mackenziz > 2M. A? HowE
‘E. L. Morris W. A. Murri_i
NorMAN TAYLOR epee se to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences
WILLIAM ees * Died September 14, 1913. { Died February 1, 1913.
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Vol. 14 ‘ : February, 1914 No. 2
“TORREYA
A Monruty Journar oF Boranicat Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE. TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY NORMAN TAYLOR JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS _ Two Additions to the flora of Louisiana: P. C. STaNDLEY......--.--.-. SE ESE, 21 Central American mosses: E. G. BriTTon and RS. WILLIAMS)... eeeteeeeee eee 24 — ‘Shorter Notes: Winter changes in weeping willow : JEAN BROADHURST «2-..-:01..2-505000+ ene 3r- » A new form of Pyrola bracteata: J. K. HENRY ..-.:eeeeeccs: pes es eee 32 “i Current Literature and Notes........ CA mee GCN apo Px Rao, Bos ene aa ae BUA 132
News Items ......2..ee.tee ee eee eee ete eats DBS Sa EAROA P na Pee ER AEE 37
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TORREYA
February, Ig14. Vol. 14 No. 2
TWO ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF LOUISIANA
By PauL C. STANDLEY*
Recently two plants were sent for determination to the U. S. National Herbarium by Mr. E. C. Wurzlow, of Houma, Louis- iana. Upon attempting to name them it was found that neither was included in Small’s Flora of the Southeastern United States, although, from what Mr. Wurzlow writes concerning them, both deserve a place in any flora of Louisiana, being well established and so large and showy as to be at once noticed by any botanical collector. One of them, a member of the Acanthaceae, was sent for identification te Dr. G. Lindau, of Berlin, well known as an authority upon this group, who reports that it is the plant described from Mexico by Nees as Cryphiacanthus angustifolius. Since both plants received from Mr. Wurzlow are of considerable interest it seems desirable to make some permanent record of them. The data given below concerning disiribution and growth in Louisiana are from copious notes kindly furnished by the collector.
RUELLIA SPECTABILIS Britton
Cryphtacanthus angustifolius Nees in DC. Prodr. 11: 199. 1847, not Ruellia angustifolia Sw. 1788.
Ruellia Tweediana Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 508. 1882, not Griseb.
Ruellia spectabilis Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 192. 1893. Nees based his description upon two specimens, the first from
Jalapa, Mexico, collected by Galeotti, the second from Entre
Rios, Argentina, collected by Tweedie. Grisebach, finding
that the two collections represented distinct species, named the * Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
[No. 1, Vol. 14 of TorREYA, comprising pp. I-20, was issued 27 January, 1914.] PAA
GARDE
22
Argentina plant Ruellia Tweediana.* The specific name angusti- folius being preoccupied under Ruellia, Dr. Britton in 1893 renamed Nees’s species Ruellia spectabilis, an appropriate name since it is one of the most showy members of the genus.
Hemsley in the Biologia Centrali-Americana reports the plant from Mexico as Ruellia Tweediana Griseb.?, citing only the original collection by Galeotti. Dr. Lindau writes that few specimens exist in European herbaria. In the U. S. National Herbarium there is a single collection apparently referable here, gathered by C. G. Pringle (no. 5043) on river ledges near Micos, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, distributed as Ruellia Tweediana.
About Houma, Louisiana, this plant appears to be an escape from cultivation. Mr. Wurzlow states that in his early boy- hood his father imported a number of plants for cultivation and that this is probably one of them. It is now more or less common in Terre Bonne Parish, growing in cultivated and waste ground, often along ditches, seeming to prefer moist or wet places where it spreads rapidly from seed. It is also found within enclosures but grows without any care, the plants being so attrac- tive with their handsome flowers and showing so little tendency to become troublesome weeds, that they are not looked upon as intruders. They grow to a height of 3 or 4 feet, sending up new stems every year from the rootstocks and flowering from July to October. The stems, branches of the inflorescence, and veins of the leaves are more or less tinged with purple. The corollas are lilac or purple and very showy, being about 5 cm. long. The leaves are narrow for the genus, being only 7 to Io mm. wide, and 20 cm. long. ; |
The occurrence of Ruellia spectabilis in Louisiana is of parti- cular interest because it must be rare in its native region, other- wise so conspicuous a plant could not have been overlooked by collectors. It does not seem to be frequent in cultivation for it is seldom mentioned in literature.
S1PHONANTHUS INDICA L. Siphonanthus indica L. Sp. Pl. 109. 1753. Ovieda mitis L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 889. 1762. * Symb. Fl. Arg. 259. 1879.
23
Clerodendrum Siphonanthus R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 4:
Oy TSr2:
Clerodendrum indicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 506. 1891.
This is well known under the name Clerodendrum Sipho-
nanthus, but after a study of its synonymy it is evident that the proper designation is Siphonanthus indica. In the Species Plantarum Linnaeus published three genera that have usually been combined as one, Clerodendrum. ‘These are Siphonanthus on page 109, and Ovieda and Clerodendrum* on page 637, Ovieda having precedence on the page. A single species is published under each genus, these being Siphonanthus indica, a well known plant of India, Ovieda spinosa (Clerodendrum spinosum Spreng.), common in the West Indies, and Clerodendrum infortunata, also from India. The first two plants are generally placed in the section Siphonanthus Schauerf of the genus Clerodendrum. The group of species included in this section has some claim to rank as a genus, because of differences in the form of the corolla from that of typical Clerodendrum, but apparently recent authors have not separated it. It is apparent, however, that if all the species commonly referred to Cleroden- drum are to be combined in a single genus this must bear the name Siphonanthus. The writer has not attempted to deter- mine the desirability of separating Siphonanthus and Cleroden- drum, since there can be no question, under the American code of botanical nomenclature, as to the proper name for the plant discussed here.
Linnaeus based his Szphonanthus indica upon the name Siphon- anthemum, applied by the Russian botanist Ammann in 1739 to an Indian plant. The species is said to be common in India and Java. In the U. S. National Herbarium there are Old World specimens from Bengal and Upper Burma. It is common in cultivation, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Bailey’s Cyclopedia of Horticulture gives the common name as ““Turks’ turban”’ and states that the plant is “hardy in Florida.”’ In the West Indies it has escaped from cultivation and become
* This name is usually given as Clerodendron, but Linnaeus always writes it
Clerodendrum. 7 In DC. Prodr. 11: 670. 1847.
24
established. Specimens are at hand which show that it occurs in Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Croix, while Grisebach* states that it is naturalized in St. Kitts, Trinidad, and Guiana.
Langlois in his Catalogue Provisoire de Plantes de la Basse- Louisianej mentions a ‘‘ Clerodendron sipho’’ as introduced at Point a la Hache, on the lower Mississippi. This is doubtless the plant that has now become so well established in southern Louisiana. Mr. Wurzlow writes that he has observed it for many years, not only in Terre Bonne Parish, where it is very common, but in other parishes of the southern part of the state. It grows along roadsides, ditch banks, and fencerows, and in cultivated ground to such an extent that it is regarded as a weed, It is distributed by seed, but after the plants are established they spread rapidly by rootstocks, forming large patches. Re- peated cutting or destruction of the tops does not destroy it when it invades cultivated fields. Although frequently seen in neglected places about dwellings it is not known to be in cultivation.
Prof. R. S. Cocks, of Tulane University, writes that so far as he knows the plant was first collected in 1884 by Dr. Joor near Baton Rouge. He further states that it occurs abundantly in the vicinity of New Orleans and occurs more or less commonly
throughout southeastern Louisiana, especially in alluvial soils. U. S. NATIONAL MusSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C.
CENTRAL AMERICAN MOSSES
By ELIZABETH GERTRUDE BRITTON AND ROBERT STATHAM WILLIAMS
1. Campylopus filifolius (Hornsch.) Mitt. Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 3330a, Maxon and Hay, 1904; Alta Verapaz, 29, Cook and Doyle, 1905. Costa Rica: Cartago, 506, Maxon, 1906. 2. Campylopus subleucogaster (C. Miill.) Jaeger. Guatemala: Cubilquitz, 6652, H. von Turckheim, 1892. Costa Rica: Vicinity of Coliblanco, 264, Maxon, 1906.
* RI, Brit. W. Ind. 500. 1864. Tp.1I5. 1887.
25
3. Leucobryum antillarum Sch.
Costa Rica: Coliblanco, 227a, Maxon, 1906.
4. Syrrhopodon incompletus Schwegr. Syrrhopodon Hobsont Hook. & Grev. Syrrhopodon decolorans C. Miill. Syrrhopodon Mohrianum C. Mill. Syrrhopodon Sartori C. Miill.
Mexico: Liebman, Sartorius, etc.
Guatemala: Bernouille and Cario, Rio Pollochico, 3087, Maxon
and Hay, 1904.
Honduras: Rio Platano, 690, Wilson,. 1903.
5. Hyophila reflexifolia C. Miill.
Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 411, Cook and Griggs, 1902. 6. Macromitrium Tonduzit Ren. and Card.
Costa Rica: La Palma, 481, Maxon, 1906. 7. Macromitrium palmense R. S. Williams sp. nov.
Pseudoautoicous: growing in deep tufts, the primary stems creeping, bare, the secondary erect, branching, without radicles, 5 or 6 cm. high; leaves densely imbricate, spreading, crispate in upper part; stem leaves 5 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, carinate, serrulate about one half down, smooth throughout or with a few low papillae on upper surface toward the base; excurrent costa slightly denticulate; leaf cells below long and narrow, the median in rows, about 6u wide by 10 to 12 long, with furrows between, or sometimes scarcely elongate in less distinct rows, the upper elongate, not in rows; perichaetial leaves a little shorter than stem leaves with longer cells above and more abruptly narrowed to the denticulate, excurrent costa; seta smooth, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. high; capsule smooth or nearly so, globose-pyriform, about 1.5 mm. high with stomata in several rows near base; lid not seen; peristome double, the outer of reddish-brown, densely papillose teeth, divided scarcely one half down, the inner of about the same height, a little paler, more or less irregularly divided; calyptra without hairs, slightly rough at apex; spores slightly rough, up to 35u in diameter.
In habit much like M. subcirrhosum but with median leaf cells very different, leaf base scarcely papillose and costa distinctly excurrent.
HABITAT: On tree trunk on open moist slopes.
TYPE LocaLity: La Palma, Costa Rica, 480, Maxon, May 6, 1906.
26
8. Macromitrium cirrhosum (Hedw.) Brid. Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 3125, Maxon and Hay, 1905. 9. Pohlia falcata (Besch.) Broth. Guatemala: Volcan de Agua, 3706, Maxon and Hay, 1905. 10. Acidodontium megalocarpum (Hook.) Ren. and Card. Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 430, Cook and Griggs, 1902; .3290, Maxon and Hay, 1905. 11. Rhizogonium spiniforme (L.) Bruch. Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 843, Cook and Griggs, 1902. Costa Rica: Coliblanco, 263, Cartago, 499, Maxon, 1906. 12. Philonotis sphaerocarpa (Sw.) Brid. Honduras: 487, Percy Wilson, 1903. 13. Philonotis uncinata gracilenta (Hpe.) Dismier. Guatemala: San Felipe, 3550, Maxon and Hay, 1905. 14. Polytrichum antiularum Rich. Polytrichum vernicosum Paris. Guatemala: Baja Verapaz, 6930, von Turckheim, 1906. Costa Rica: Coliblanco, 231, 337, La Palma, 423, Maxon, 1906. 15. Orthostichidium pentagonum (Hpe. & Ltz.) C. Miill. Costa Rica: San José, 164, Cook and Doyle, 1903. 16. Squamidium macrocarpum (Spruce) Broth. Costa Rica: Santiago, 82, Maxon, 1906. 17. Papillaria nigrescens (Sw.) Jaeg. Guatemala: Chilion, Bernouille, 1867. Costa Rica: San José, 146, Cook and Doyle, 1903; 146, Maxon, 1906. 18. Phyllogonium viscosum (P. Beauv.) Mitt. Costa Rica: San José, E. S. Hyde, 1888. Coliblanco, 236, Maxon, 1906. 19. Phyllogonium fulgens gracile Ren. & Card. Costa Rica: San José, E. S. Hyde, 1888; Santiago, Aman Breues, I90OI. 20. Neckera Ehrenbergu C. Miill. Guatemala: Volcan de Agua, 3716, Maxon and Hay, 1905. 21. Porotrichum sp. ? (young plants too small to name). Costa Rica: La Palma, 384a, Maxon, 1906. 22. Entodon stenocarpus (Br. & Sch.) Jaeg. Costa Rica: San José, 165, Cook and Doyle, 1903.
27
23. Fabronia flavinervis C. Mill.
Guatemala: San Felipe, 3508, 3510a, Maxon and Hay, 1905. 24. Fabronia polycarpa Hook.
Panama: Between Salanca and Chiquin, O. F. Cook, 1905. 25. Pilotrichum bipinnatum (Schwer.) Brid.
Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 500, Cook and Griggs, 1902. 26. Isodrepanium (Mitt.) E. G. Britton gen. nov. Fig. 1.
Fic. 1. Isodvepanium lentulum (Wils.) E. G. Britton.
Lepidopilum Sect. Isodrepanium Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 369. 1869. Among our Jamaica collections we have fine specimens of a moss which we had difficulty in referring to any genus known to us from the West Indies and this difficulty still remains for
28
according to Brotherus* it cannot be a Homalia because the leaves have porose cells and although they are ecostate they are not entire and hence do not fit with Euhomalia or Spathularia. According to Mitten this has been described as a subgenus of Lepidopilum with one species L. membranaceum (C. M.) Mitt. charaeterized by its equally falcate, scythe or scimitar-shaped leaves. There is but one species, but it is listed in three genera in Paris Index, as Homalia, Lepidopilum and Neckera. The identity of these species has been determined by consulting type material of each and as the fruit has not been described we give the following characters:
Iscdrepanium (Mitt.) E. G. Britton gen. nov.
Plants occasionally a foot long, pendent on trees. Stems slender, regularly pinnate or bipinnate, branches I-14 cm. long. Leaves glossy, imbricate, falcate, acuminate, serrate, ecostate; cells porose. Dioicous. Seta 4 cm. long, slender, flexuose; capsule nodding-ovoid; peristome double, without cilia.
Type species: Homalia lentula Wils.
Isodrepanium lentulum (Wils.) E. G. Britton new combination.
Homalia lentula Wils. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20: 379. 1847.
Hookeria membranacea C. M. Syn. Musc. 2: 200. 1851.
Lepidopilum membranaceum Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 369. 1869.
Neckera falcifolia R. & C. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 32: 184. 1893.
Homalia membranacea C. M. Hedwigia 37: 266. 1808.
Neckera lentula Broth. in E. & P.-Pfl. 13: 842. 1906.
Stems pendent, irregularly branched, reaching a maximum of 30 cm. in length with branches pinnate or bipinnate, often IO-15; cm. long; leaves glossy green, crowded, flexuose, I.5 mm. long, falcate-acuminate, ecostate; apex recurved; margins unequally and finely serrate; base oblique, unequal, slightly auriculate on one side, basal cells yellow, enlarged, all femur-shaped and porose, with thick walls. Perichaetial leaves longer pointed, almost entire. Dioicous. Seta 4 cm. long, slender, flexuose, red; capsule 2-3 mm. long, ovoid, horizontal; peristome double, yellow; teeth trabeculate, with narrow projecting lamellae,
* KE. and P. Pflanzenfam. fasc. 226: 847. 1906.
29
slender and papillose at apex; endostome paler, smooth, seg- ments carinate and perforate, cilia none; walls thickened, cells small, irregularly hexagonal; spores smooth, 16-18 pw. Lid and calyptra not seen.
TYPE LOCALITY: Port Royal, Jamaica. ‘‘Mc Nab.”
DisTRIBUTION: High Mountains of Jamaica, Morce’s Gap, John Crow Peak, New Haven Gap and Sir John and Summit, St. Catharine’s Peak; Cuba, Sierra Maestra and Mt. Torquino; Porto Rico, Luquillo Mts.; St. Vincent, H. H. Smith; Barbadoes, Parker; Trinidad, Criiger. Guatemala, Alta Vera Paz, H. von -Turckheim 1149, Cook and Griggs 512, with fruit. Costa Rica, Pittier 9642; New Granada and Mt. Abitana, Andes of Quito, Spruce 740.
Funck and Schlim, 370 from Caracas, Venezuela, is not this species but a true Homalia.
Homalia glabella (Sw.) Mitt. with which it has been confused by Mitten also has its type locality in Jamaica but that species grows on rocks, in shade, is a smaller plant, with nearly simple branches, obtuse or shortly apiculate leaves which are shortly bicostate and without porose cells. Its distribution is from Jamaica, Porto Rico to Guadeloupe, and from Mexico and Guatemala to Costa Rica.
27. Callicostella pallida (Hornsch.) Jaeg.
Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 388, Cook and Griggs, 1902. 28. Callicostella Oerstediana C. Miill.
Guatemala: Rio Pollochico below Panzos, 3086, Maxon and
Hay, 1904. 29. Harpophyllum aureum (Lam.) Spruce. Costa Rica: La Palma, 400, Maxon, 1906. 30. Hypopterygium Tamarisci (Sw.) Brid.
Costa Rica: Santiago, 116, Coliblanco, 338, Maxon, 1906. 31. Helicophyllum torquatum Brid.
Guatemala: 3538, Maxon and Hay, 1905.
32. Rhacopilum tomentosum (Sw.) Brid. Rhacopilum latistipulatum Cardot Rhacopilum angustatum Sch.; Besch. Rhacopilum tomentosum longe-aristatum C. Miill.
Nicaragua: Volcan Mombacho, 2367, Baker, 1903.
30
Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, Cook, 1905; San Felipe, 2536, Maxon and Hay, 1905. Costa Rica: Santiago, 89, Maxon, 1906. 33. Thuidium miradoricum Jaeg. Costa Rica: Cartago, 499a, Maxon, 1906. 34. Miitenothamnium Langsdorfi (Hook.) Cardot Costa Rica: La Palma, 384, Maxon, 1906. 35. Mittenothamnium megapalmaium (C. Mill.) Card. Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 325, Maxon and Hay, 1905. 36. Mittenothamnium nicaraguense (Broth. ined.) E. G. B. comb. nov. Nicaragua: Volcan Mombacho, 2501, 2514, Baker, 1903. 37. Mitienothamnium reptans (Sw.) Card. Costa Rica: Coliblanco, 339, 348, La Palma, 372, 374, Maxon, 1906. 38. Mittenothamnium Salleanum (Besch.) Card. Guatemala: Godman and Salvin in Hb. Mitt. 39. Mittenothamnium substriatum (Mitt.) Card. Mexico: (Found without collector or locality in Hb. Mitt.) Det. by Max Fleischer. 40. Ectropothecium apiculatum (Hornsch.) Mitt. Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 93, 258, 383, Cook and Griggs, 1902. Costa Rica: Finca Navarro, 619, Maxon, 1906. 41. Ectropothecium globitheca (C. Miill.) Mitt. Nicaragua: Volcan Mombacho, 2368, 2520, C. F. Baker, 1903. 42. Ectropothecium pseudo-rutilans (C. Miill.) Paris Nicaragua: Volcan Mombacho, 2366, C. F. Baker, 1903. 43. Isopterygium miradoricum (C. Miill.) Jaeg. (ex descriptio) Guatemala: Puerto Barrios, 3072, 3076, 3078, Maxon and Hay, 1904. 44. Isopterygium pusillum Ren. & Card. Honduras: Puerto Sierra, 506, P. Wilson, 1903. Costa Rica: La Palma, 371, Maxon, 1906. 45. Isopterygium trichopelma (C. Miill.) Paris Costa Rica: Coliblanco, 250, Maxon, 1906. 46. Taxithelium planum (Brid.) Mitt. Honduras: Puerto Sierra, 507, 556, P. Wilson, 1903. Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 3216, Maxon and Hay, 1905.
dL
47. Vesicularia amphibola (Spr.) Broth.
Guatemala: Alta Verapaz, 410, Cook and Griggs, 1902. 48. Vesicularia vesicularis (Schwegr.) Broth.
Guatemala: Mazatenango, 3494, Maxon and Hay, 1905. 49. Pterigonidium pulchellum (Hook.) Broth.
Honduras: Puerto Sierra, 499, P. Wilson, 1903.
Guatemala: Puerto Barrios, 3066, Maxon and Hay, 1904. 50. Sematophyllum caespitosum (Sw.) Mitt.
Costa Rica: Santa Clara, 604, 611, Cook and Doyle, 1903. 51. Sematophyllum galipense (C. Miill.) Mitt.
Honduras: near Puerto Sierra, 290, P. Wilson, 1903. 52. Sematophyllum Lindigu (Hpe.) Mitt.
Costa Rica: Coliblanco, 244, 265, 336, 346, Maxon, 1906. 53. Lrichosteleum fluviale (Mitt.) Jaeg.
Guatemala: Puerto Barrios, 3077, Maxon and Hay, 1904. 54. Trichosteleum microcarpum Brotherus.
Sematophyllum microcarpum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 493. 1869, in part.
Nicaragua: Volcan Mombacho, 2497, C. F. Baker, 1903.
In Mitten’s herbarium we find a specimen labeled Leskea micro- carpa “fl. Ind. occ. Swartz. Hb. Hooker.’’ This must have been a manuscript name of Swartz, because it does not occur in his flora Indiae occidentalis, as stated. It is evidently the type of Sematophyllum microcarpum Mitt. which he placed in the section Trichosteleum (p. 492), but it does not agree with other species of this genus, because although there are occasional small obscure papillae on a few of the young leaves, most of the leaves are entirely smooth and the specimen agrees with Sematophyllum xylophilum Mitt. (1. c. p. 490) to which it must be referred as a synonym.
SHORTER NOTES
WINTER CHANGES IN WEEPING WILLOW.—Since reporting the upward winter movement of the slender branches of the weeping willow tree* in front of the Columbia University Library, I have looked in vain for another tree showing the same curious phe-
* The Weeping Willow in Winter, Torreya 10: 38, 1910.
32
nomenon. As described then, in December, the drooping twigs (on all but one of the main branches) curl up until each twig reaches a position above its point of origin, and the tree has a round-topped, bristly appearance. The writer will be much indebted to any one contributing observations, photographs, etc., of a willow tree showing similar changes; dates of the observed
changes are also desirable. JEAN BROADHURST
A NEw Form oF PyroLa BRACTEATA.—P. bracteata Hook. var. Hillii. var. nov. Stem and flowers as in the species; leaves wanting. Dry woods, Mayne Island, British Columbia.
Mr. Albert J. Hill, M.A., who collected the plant several years "ago, says it is not rare in the above locality. It is quite distinct from P. aphylla Smith by its long bracts; and from P. aphylla var. paucifolia Howell by its calyx lobes, which are half as long
as the petals. J. K. HENRY
VANCOUVER
CURRENT LITERATURE AND NOTES
Howarp, C. Les Zoocécidies des Plantes d’ Europe et du Bassin de la Médtterranée. Tome III, Supplement 1909-1912; pp. 1249-1560. 1567 figures, 3 plates and 8 portraits. Librairie Scientifique, A. Herrmann et Fils: Paris. 10 Fr. This most excellent work, the third and supplementary volume of which has just appeared, is a model for a similar work on our American cecidia. This third volume contains brief, clear descriptions of 1,317 species of galls distributed among 149 genera of gall makers and in 92 families of host plants. The species are grouped with reference to the taxonomic order of the host plants on which they occur but zoological and botanical indices makes the work very valuable for both entomologist and botanist. A very unique system of abbreviation on the margins of the pages indicate the location of the gall on the host plant and its geo- graphical distribution. The illustrations are mostly line draw- ings but are of such character as to greatly facilitate the deter-
Do
minations of the species. One of the most interesting parts of the work is the treatment of 16 galls on cryptogams. The work closes with a bibliography of 204 titles.
This line of work which has received so much attention in Europe has been greatly neglected in America, but with the increasing interest in evolution, biochemistry, physiology and plant pathology the time is not far distant when it must become one of our most interesting and productive lines of botanical research. It is a field in which our American botanists must soon follow the lead of their European colleagues. However, it is unfortunate that in both Europe and America, the myco- cecidia have received much less attention than the zoé-cecidia.
MeL T. Cook
Hawkins, L. A. The influence of calcium, magnesium and potassium nitrates upon the toxicity of certain heavy metals toward fungus spores. Physiological Researches 2: 57-92, 1913. Mr. Hawkins has shown that, in certain cases, the effect of a toxic salt on the germination of the conidia of Glomerella cingulata may be influenced by the addition to the medium of calcium, magnesium or potassium nitrate. For the combination of Cu- (NOsz)2 with Ca(NOs)2 and of Zn(NOs)2 with Ca(NOs). and Meg(NOs)2, he has shown that this effect is not due to the forma- tion of undissociated double salts. He has also shown that it is not due to the depression of the ionization of the toxic salt. The salts which he tested, given in the order of their toxicity, are as follows: Cu(NOs)s, CuSOsu, Pb(NOs)e, Al(NOs)3, HNOs, Zn(NOQOs)o, Ni(NOs)o, Mg(NOs)s, Ca(NOs)o, and KNOs.
L. O. KUNKEL
Hans Kniep, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Hymenomyceten I, II. Zeitschrift fiir Botanik, 5: 594-637. Au 1913, reports another effort to discover the origin of the binucleated cells in the hy- menomycetes. The work, as the title indicates, is divided into
two parts. The first is devoted to a study of a new species, ' Hypochnus terrestris Kniep. The author traces the development of this form from spore to spore and shows that there are no sexual organs or their equivalents. The spore prior to germina-
34
tion becomes binucleated. The germ tube and subsequent cells are all binucleated. The nuclei divide conjugately. He holds that these forms of fungi are reduced types rather than primitive ones.
The second part is devoted to a cytological study of the life cycle of Coprinus nychtemerus Fr. He studied the germination of spores of this species and found that the cells of the germ tube are uninucleated, binucleated and more rarely multi- nucleated. He also reports the presence of clamp connections in which he discovered peculiar structures resembling nuclei. As to what the significance of these bodies is Kniep is not clear. He argues that the clamp connections serve no other purpose than to facilitate the transportation of food stuffs. Mycelial cells in later stages are uninucleated and binucleated. He holds however that the binucleated condition does not become fixed until the formation of the carpophore. The nuclear phenomena in the basidium are similar to those reported by other observers. He finds eight chromosones in the first division. Kniep was unable to find secondary nuclei in the basidium.
MiIcHAEL LEVINE
Mottiscu, H., Ueber den Einfluss des Tabakrauches auf der Pflanze. Sitzb. Wien Akad. Mat. Nat. Kl. 120 Abt. 1: 3-30, 813-838, + 2 pls. 1911, takes up the question of the effect of tobacco smoke on plants grown under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings of Vicia sativa, Pisum, Cucurbita Pepo, etc., were grown in water cultures, covered by a bell jar of 4 L. capacity and 1-3 puffs of cigar or cigarette smoke passed under the jars. Excellent photographs illustrate the striking results. Growth in length is practically stopped in the plants subjected to smoke; they commonly show a greater stem-diameter, however, than the controls. If the seedlings are grown in porous flower pots the results are similar for about the first three days, then the smoked plants begin to grow rapidly—a result attributed to the absorp- tion of the injurious substances by the soil and pot.
Similar effects were obtained with the smoke of paper, wood, straw. Using singly various of the constituents present in tobacco smoke, it was found that nicotine is quite without effect,
35
carbon monoxide leads to results similar to those obtained with tobacco smoke, etc. Molisch considers the data inadequate, however, for determining what constitutes the effective ingredient or ingredients of tobacco smoke.
Older plants generally are much less affected by tobacco smoke than seedlings. A number of specific peculiarities are encountered, however. In Goldfussia glomerata lenticel forma- tion is induced; Syringia vulgaris, Rosa, etc., shed their leaves (spring time) after about two days’ exposure to tobacco smoke.
W. G. M,
Plant Breeding in Scandinavia. By L. H. NEwWMANN. Pub- lished by the Canadian Seed Grower’s Association, Canada Building, Ottawa, Canada. Price $1.00 net (cloth $1.50). The plant breeding station of The Swedish Seed Association at Svaléf is now generally recognized as one of the foremost stations in the world for the practical and scientific breeding of the cereals.
Mr. Newmann has recently spent about nine months at sval6f where he studied the methods of work and examined the various printed and private records of the investigations. This personal experience enables him to perform a distinct service in presenting the work of the station in book form to English reading students.
The main divisions of the volume are as follows: I, Introduc- tion; II, The Swedish Seed Association (general résumé); III, The System of plant improvement at Svaléf and its development; IV, The composition of a race of cereals and its variability; V, Practical application of principles now recognized in cereal breeding at Svaléf; VI, Methods of work in cereal breeding at Svaléf; VII, Summary of work done with different crops and results obtained (wheat, barley, pease, clovers, grasses, and potatoes); VIII, Appendix; IX, Literature cited.
A brief synopsis of the points that are of special interest can be grouped under the following heads:
Methods and Results The method of ‘‘mass selection” is still used in maintaining purity of sorts, and as preliminary to ‘‘line culture’’ and hybridi- zation.
36,
Pedigree culture or line breeding on a large scale is a main method. In pure lines there are no hereditary variations, and “no correlations between botanical characters and industrial qualities.’’ Value of pure lines determined only by the yielding tests. This sort of line breeding isolates superior biotypes.
Artificial hybridization—An important method in scientific breeding. Importance at Svaléf considered as based on the Men- delian conception of alternative inheritance and the recombina- tion of unit characters. It is followed by careful line breeding of hybrid progeny.
Vanability
No progressive mutations in cereals have appeared at the Sval6f station.
Variations in cereals are largely due to natural nahi ricliee ee Aberrant forms in grains are often cases of segregation in the progeny of heterozygotes.
Acclimatization is due to regrouping of factors in a heer zygous population. The stronger combinations survive.
Hereditary variations may be continuous where different combinations of different units are such that gradations in a given character result. Continuous hereditary variations are possible but are considered as based on the chance combination of independent units (or fractions of a unit) which ultimately form a multiple factor.
In regard to the practical and theoretical study of variations, the work with potatoes at Svaléf is proving of special significance as the potato is propagated vegetatively in what is essentially a pure line. In the five years that potato breeding has been in progress “continuous selection of desirable hills and tubers” has resulted in improvement.
In criticism it may be noted that this sort of continuous hereditary variation is not to be explained on the basis mentioned above and suggests that a Mendelian conception of continuous hereditary variations is of doubtful validity. Infact much of the data presented concerning variation not only in the vegetative reproduction of potatoes but in the sexually reproduced cereals
37
suggests that the interpretation in terms of unit factors may be
a rather gross analysis. TNA BSS
Two works have just appeared of interest to taxonomiscs and some other botanists. The last supplement of Index Kewensis brings this indispensable work down to the end of 1910, and in- cludes citations to thousands of species and near species described during the four years that have elapsed since the previous supplement. There are more than two thousand species of - Hieracium cited, and as to Crataegus and other prolific genera an equally astonishing number of new names are listed. A new departure is the failure to italicize what the authors of the work consider untenable names, in the present volume, although they have indicated their preferences in this regard.
A supplement has also been issued by Dr. Carl Christensen,
of the Index Filicum. NE
NEWS ITEMS
We quote in part, from the following letter of Dr. E. D. Merrill in regard to the death of Dr. C. B. Robinson, noted in TORREYA for January: ‘‘Dr. Robinson was murdered on December 5, 1913, about 8 miles from the town of Amboina by six Mohammedan natives of the island of Boeton. The island of Amboina is entirely pacific, and there has been absolutely nothing to fear from the inhabitants of that island. Dr. Robinson’s voluminous progress reports make no mention whatever of any difficulties with the natives, and the idea that harm might result has never been entertained by ourselves in Manila, by Dr. Robinson him- self, or by the Dutch officials in Amboina. The coincidence of these six Mohammedans coming from the distant island of Boeton, their meeting with Dr. Robinson on one of his botanical excursions, and his resulting murder were matters that could not be foreseen and could not be guarded against. . . . The results
38
of his work in Amboina will not be lost, for his collections, notes, etc., are intact, and are being forwarded to Buitenzorg, whither I shall probably go to receive and care for them. However, no- body but Dr. Robinson can do justice to the work of correlating the collections with the plants described and figured by Rumph, although his progress reports, very extensive and detailed, prob- ably over 60,000 words, will help to clear up many points.”’ An account of Dr. Robinson’s life and work will appear in an early number of the Bulletin.
The following new appointments of members of the gardening staff at Kew are quoted in Nature from Kew Bulletin: Mr. G. S. Crouch, to be assistant director of horticulture in the Egyptian department of agriculture; Mr. T. H. Parsons, to be curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in succession to Mr. H. F. Macmillan, who has been appointed superintendent of horticulture in the department of agriculture, Ceylon; Mr. C. F. Allen, to be curator of the Botanic Garden, Port Darwin, Northern Territory, South Australia, in succession to Mr. N. Holtze, deceased.
At the meeting of the American Phytopathological Society recently held at Atlanta the following officers were elected: President, Dr. Haven Metcalf, Washington, D. C.; Vice-president, Dr. Frank D. Kern, State College, Pa.; Counsellor, Professor H. R. Fulton, West Raleigh, N. C.
Dr. J. C. Arthur and Mr. F. D. Fromme of Purdue University are spending the month of February ona botanical trip to the southwest. They will visic a number of localities in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona where certain species of Uredinales, whose life histories are incompletely known have been previously col- lected.
Mr. E. H. Wilson, whose recent book on western China was reviewed in ToRREYA for January, has gone to Japan for a two years’ collecting trip.
ue ie hies
ie yanuies
hehe aL pal
The Torrey Botanical Club
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The following Committees were appointed in 1913
Finance Committee t Field Committee J. I. Kane, Chairman SERENO STETSON, Chatrman Ropert A. HARPER
Budget Committee Program Committee J. H. Barnwart, Chairiman Mrs. E. G. Britton, Chairman N. L. Britton Miss JEAN BROADHURST B. O. DopGE _ C. SruaRT GAGER M. A. Howe. * F. J. SEAVER E. L. Morris H.-H. Russy
Local Flora Committee N. L. Britton, Chawiman
-Phanerogams: - - Cryptogams: E. P. BICKNELL Mrs. E. G. BRITTON N. L. Britton Puitip DOWELL C. C. Curtis Tracy E. Hazen. K. K. MAcKENZIE M. A. Howe
-_E, L. Morris W. A. MurriLy
“NorRMAN TAYLOR
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences WILLIAM Nees
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- March, Igl4 No. 3
‘ORREYA |
a Monrary Journar OF Por aascar Notes and News
EDITED FOR _ THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB me 8 : BY | NORMAN TAYLOR JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Saute fossil leaves and their significance: FE. W. HUMPHREYS..........:0sceseesee sere eee 30 1913 Notes on the flora of Copake Falls, N.Y. : SERENO STETSON.«.-.0+.2+-;-+5 Bee 42 wo British Columbia Notes < J: K. HENRY..e-0cyidessstscesccesesgeeccbocecpeeesereeeeen! AS Reviews : : ; “Steven’s Fungi which cause disease: E,W. OLIVE. ..:.c0.cscstcepeseereee ety eceees 46 _ > Harper’s Report on Alabama Forests: S. J. RECORD ..:6c0-:0:e1essteseeeee sere a7 - Proceedings of the: Club. 52s as A Olas ah igh ee eR Pe ee eee. 49 News Ftems: 2)... 5 .0051:. Gun drain pa en aries ans FES ge ia PERE ee ES ey oti 50 : vw ; Lae sae pore: PUBLISHED FOR. THE CLUE i At 41 NortTH Queen STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. we BY THe New ERA PRINTING Company
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aver keh a
TORREYA
March, Ig1!4. Vol. 14 No. 3
SOME FOSSIL LEAVES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
By EpWIN W. HUMPHREYS
Anything that will shed light, however feeble, upon the life
processes of the past in their relation to those of the present is
always of interest; hence, when certain abnormal fossil leaves
-are found which show the same aberrations that living ones of,
apparently, the same genus possess, that fact seems to be worthy of record.
In the American Naturalist for 1907,* there are three articles on the development of pinnate leaves as shown by examples of arrested development in mature leaves of living plants. The occurrence of similar forms among fossil leaves and their sig- nificance is the subject of this paper.
In Lesquereux’s Flora of the Dakota Groupt two specimens of fossil Rhus leaves (Rhus Powelliana Lesq.) are figured, in one of which, reproduced on plate A, fig. I, a, the terminal leaflet has reached a stage of development similar to that shown by the terminal leaflet of the living Rhus glabra L. (pl. A, fig. 1, 0). The other (pl. A, fig. 2, a) shows a stage like that of the sumac leaf depicted in pl. A, fig. 2, b. There is, however, a more ad- vanced stage of development portrayed in the leaf represented in pl. A, fig. 1, a, for some of the lateral leaflets are lobed; one of them, in fact, showing a distinct leaflet. In this case, the primary leaflets seem to exhibit a tendency to become pinnate, thereby foreshadowing the formation of a bipinnate leaf. Fig. 1, c isa drawing of a portion of a leaf of Rhus glabra L. showing a similar stage of development.
There is another species of fossil Rhus, R. Uddeni Lesq. (pl. A,
*F, T. Lewis, Am. Nat. 41: 431, 701, 817. 1907.
7 Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey 17: 155. pl. 506, figs. 4-5. 1892. [No. 2, Vol. 14, of TorREYA, comprising pp. 21-38, was issued 9 February, 1914]
39
40
fig. 3), from the Dakota Group* which shows a lobed terminal leaflet. This species has a petiole that is partly winged, suggest- ing Rhus copallina L.
Thus, there would seem to be two species of fossil Rhus leaves whose method of development was similar to that of the living Rhus glabra L. and Rhus copallina L. and, therefore, basifugal.
Another species which presents an interesting example of arrested leaf development is Negundo triloba Newb.} (pl. A, fig. 4, a) from the Fort Union Group. This leaf has a lobed terminal leaflet that is almost wholly split off, suggesting a basifugal tendency such as can be found in the living Acer Negundo (pl. A, fig. 4, 5).
In the same work (pl. 30, fig. 2) a specimen of the fossil species Sapindus membranaceus Newb., is figured, which shows a lateral leaflet completely split from the terminal one (pl. B, fig.1,a@). An investigation of the specimens of Sapindus in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden revealed some leaves of Sapindus saponaria L. in which the terminal leaflet had split to form a new lateral (pl. B, fig. 1, 6). Here again is a case of a living form and a fossil form of apparently the same genus developing their leaves in the same way.
In Fontaine’s Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Florat several leaves are figured whose affinity to Sapindus is indicated by the generic name Sapindopsis. Certain leaves of this genus, belong- ing to two different species (S. variabilis Font. and S. magnifolia Font.) exhibit lobed terminals in various stages of development (see pl. B, figs. 2,a and 2,06). In fact, a short though incomplete series of the figured leaves of Sapindopsis variabilis Font. might be arranged to show the successive steps in the formation of the lateral leaflets from the terminal leaflet.
A further search of paleobotanical literature and of duplicate specimens of fossil plants would doubtless disclose many other interesting examples.
* Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey 17: 154. pl. 57, fig. 2. 1892.
+ Newberry, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey 35: 115. pl. 31, fig. 5. 18098.
t Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, 15: 297, pl. 151, figs. 2, 3; pl. 152, figs. 2, 3;
pl. 153, fig. 2; pl. 154, figs. I, 5; pl. 155, fig. 6: 208, pl. 151, fig. 1; pl. 152, figs. 1-4; pl. 153, fig. 3; pl. 154, figs. 2-4; pl. 155, figs. 2-5. 1889.
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It had been hoped that similarity in development might serve as an aid in the identification of fossil leaves of the forms dis- cussed. That is to say, if the fossil pinnate leaf did not develop in a manner similar to its nearest living relative, it would furnish a warning to review the identification. Goebel,* however, states that “. . . the course of development in nearly allied plants varies, for example, in pinnate leaves it is sometimes acropetal and sometimes basipetal.’’ It is, however, suggestive that in two of the cases here noted, Negundo and Sapindus, the lobing of ‘the terminal leaflet was first noticed in the fossil species and that this resulted in a successful search for similar examples among the related living forms.
The unsymmetrical outline of certain terminal leaflets from which a lobe has split, such as is well shown in the terminal leaflet on pl. B, fig. 1, a, does, however, offer a suggestion to those engaged in identifying fossil leaves. Should such a fossil leaflet, minus its lobe, be preserved alone, the tendency would likely be to regard it as a simple leaf, rather than as a leaflet of a compound leaf. Hence, in endeavoring to determine the probable relationship of any such unsymmetrical leaf, it might be advisable to consider whether or not it could be a leaflet of a compound leaf.
Briefly then the leaves under discussion show: (1) that like forms of leaves, of arrested development, occur in certain species of living and fossil plants of the same genus; (2) that these forms indicate that similar methods of leaf development took place in each of them; (3) that if ‘‘nearly allied”? plants may develop their leaves in different ways, it follows that the mode of develop- ment is of questionable value to paleobotanists in identifying forms of arrested development among fossil pinnate leaves; (4) that in identifying simple fossil leaves of the form of the terminal shown on pl. B, fig. 1, a, if the lobe were not preserved, it might be advisable to view it as a possible leaflet of a pinnate leaf.
* Organography of Plants, authorized English edition, pt. 2, p. 330. 1905.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate A
Fig. ta. Rhus Powelliana Lesq. showing lobed terminal leaflet, and on the right a lobed lateral. On the left is a lateral from which has split a secondary leaflet.
Fig. 1b. Rhus glabra L. showing lobed terminal leaflet similar to that shown in fig. za.
Fig. tc. Two lateral leaflets of Rhus glabra L. On the left a secondary lateral is shown, on the right a lobed lateral.
Fig. 2a. Rhus Powelliana Lesq. showing lobed terminal.
Fig. 2b. Rhus glabra L. showing terminal leaflet like that in fig. 2a.
Fig. 3. Rhus Uddeni Lesq. showing lobed terminal leaflet.
Fig. 4a. Negundo triloba Newb. showing a terminal leaflet lobed on the left side.
Fig. 4c. Acer Negundo L. showing lobe similar to that in fig. ga.
Plate B
Fig. ta. Sapindus membranaceus Newb. showing lateral leaflet split from terminal leaflet.
Fig. 1b. Sapindus saponaria.L. showing terminal leaflet from which a lateral leaflet has split.
Fig. 2a. Sapindopsis variabilis Font. showing lobed terminal leaflet.
Fig. 2b. Sapindopsis magnifolia Font. showing lateral leaflet split from terminal.
1913, NOTES ON THE FLORA OF COPAKE FALLS) Nese
By SERENO STETSON
The growing season at Copake during the past year came fully up to expectations. On account of the comparatively little snow that fell during the winter months (1912-13) some concern was felt for the spring flora, but a visit on April 22 allayed all fears in that direction. There was a profusion of young growth and Tussilago Farfara L., Trillium erectum L., Sanguinaria canadensis L. with numerous representatives of Vzola were flowering in large numbers, and there was no sign of the herb- age in general having suffered from the failure of the snow blanket.
The next visit covered May 17 and 18 and furnished several surprises. While working the western slopes of Cedar mountain
Plate A. See explanation, page 42.
Plate B. See explanation, page 42.
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at an altitude of 1,300 feet a large colony of Cypripedium parvi- florum var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight was discovered. A rough estimate would place their number at sixty and in the course of scouting the area the surrounding deciduous woods were found to contain numerous scattered plants of Cypripedium acaule Ait. These stations are’ entirely new and are not the ones referred to in Torreya 13: 126. The inaccessibility of the location nodoubt accounts for their uninterrupted propa- gation.
Descending by way of the ravine through which runs Cedar ‘brook a search was made for a colony of Trientalis americana (Pers.) Pursh which had been noted some years before. It was found growing in profusion, stretching up and down the brook on either side for a considerable distance. Polygala paucifolia Willd. was also present in great numbers, and was somewhat of a surprise as it has never been known on this side of Bash-Bish brook.
Dr. B. O. Dodge, of Columbia University, who was present on this occasion, reports having collected numerous interesting specimens of fungi.
The following day was spent in the swamps to the west of the railroad. ' Iris versicolor L. was in full bloom and _ fairly covered the semi-dry portions, and the remains of Menyanthes trifoliata L., long gone to seed, were visible everywhere. Large, beautiful specimens of Lupinus perennis L. grew along the rail- road and a dry ridge, near by, was literally yellow with dwarfed specimens of Krigia virginica (L.) Willd., the tallest measuring only 3 cm. in height.
The final visit for the year commenced on August I9 and continued until September 7. This is undoubtedly the most interesting season of the year at this place and furnishes the greatest number of plants to the botanical student.
The accompanying photograph of Gentiana quinquefolia L., was taken September 5 while exploring the wooded slopes of Cedar mountain and attracted the writer’s attention on account of its unusual leaf arrangement. It will be noticed that they are borne in whorls of three throughout the plant. There is no
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mention in any of our manuals of any species of Gentianacez growing in this climate whose leaves are anything but opposite and a thorough search of the herbaria of both the New York Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden failed to
Fic. 1. Unusual leaf arrangement in Gentiana quinquefolia L. Copake Falls, N. Y.
reveal another specimen of similar phyllotaxy. The writer would be glad to hear from anyone knowing of another case.
A trip made on the western slopes of Bash-Bish mountain September 3 brought to light four plants which had not been noted in this region before. Soon after the start the red berry-
45
like annular disk of the American yew, Taxus canadensis Marsh, was noted. These increased in number at the higher altitudes, occurring in depressions or very damp shaded spots. Ina large stand of deciduous trees a number of specimens of Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. were collected. One of these is an espe- cially beautiful specimen, very tall and straight, with about thirty-five blossoms on it. A surprise was furnished in finding Hypericum punctatum Lam. in a damp, shady situation. H. perforatum L. is very common throughout this region but of the many times in years gone by that a search had been made for H. punctatum it has never been located in this vicinity until now. In the descent a number of specimens of Aster acuminatus Michx. were picked up, growing among some dense, wet underbrush alongside a “‘trickle.’”’ These are apparently confined to this mountain as a search of the woods north of Bash-Bish brook failed to disclose another specimen.
In closing it would be well to correct an error in Mr. S. H. Burnham’s Supplementary List of the Plants of Copake Falls, N. Y., published in ToRREYA for September, 1913. The legend attached to my photograph in Torreya 13: 127 is correct. Lookout Rock is in Massachusetts and next the state line. The view is directly west toward the Hudson River and shows the “Gap” referred to for its entire distance in New York State. Sunset Rock is a very different spot situate on a high promontory directly overlooking the valley shown in the distance and about two miles due northwest of Lookout Rock.
NEw YORK
TWO BRITISH COLUMBIA NOTES By J. K. HENRY
RHODODENDRON ALBIFLORUM Hook.
The flowers of this beautiful shrub are always described as white. My specimens from the Selkirks and the Coast Range, B. C., and Mt. Ranier, Wash., are white. One day last summer, however, on a mountain side at Roger’s Pass in the Selkirks, I found one plant on which the three anterior petals had a few yellow dots towards the base of the segments. On the mountains
46
opposite Vancouver City this form is common, but the spots are orange. I therefore propose—
R. albiflorum Hook. forma poikilon f. n.
The three anterior petals spotted towards the base with yellow or orange.
SOME COROLLA FORMS OF CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
At Field in the Rockies, and at Revelstoke in the Selkirks many forms of this species occur. The variations in the corolla at once attract even the casual observer. Forms with funnel- shaped corollas (C. dubia A. DC.) grow side by side with the forms characterized by the round base. Ordinarily there is no difficulty in distinguishing the plants. A striking white-flowered form of C. dubia was observed at Revelstoke. Miss Farr, in her catalogue for this region, based in part on Macoun’s Catalog of Canadian Plants, mentions only C. petiolata and C. rotundifolia. There is also a form at Field with campanulate corollas broader than long—20-23 mm. broad, 14-16 mm. long; but I have seen too few plants to form an opinion as to the validity of the form. The funnel-form corollas are also sometimes as broad as long, or even broader.
VANCOUVER
REVIEWS
Steven’s Fungi which Cause Plant Disease *
As stated in the preface, this volume is intended to introduce to the student the more important cryptogamic parasites affecting economic plants in the United States, with sufficient keys and descriptions to enable the student to identify them. The book is in fact rather unique in respect to these keys, and is apparently intended to be supplemented by the author’s Diseases of Econ- omic Plants or by other available books on plant pathology, since in the volume before us but little cognizance is taken of the pathological effects on the host or remedial measures.
The readily available keys should undoubtedly prove exceed- ingly useful to students of plant diseases. Of perhaps even
*F.L. Stevens. The Fungi which Cause Plant Disease. Pp. vii-ix + I-754 f. 1-449. The Macmillan Company. New York. 1913. Price, $4.00.
47
greater value to plant pathologists are the voluminous citations and bibliographies, together with the abundant illustrations, which include at least one for each genus of importance in the United States.
With the present vigorous prosecution of the study of plant diseases, it is obviously inevitable that a book of this nature should be out of date in some subjects the moment it leaves the hand of the printer. But this hardly excuses the utter disregard in a few places of researches of a number of years’ standing, such as those on Monascus, and those on Puccinia graminis by Pritch- ard. It is, further, very unfortunate that poor proof-reading should mar the text in other places, such, for instance, as on p. 80, where the past tense is used instead of the present; on p. 112, “Bot. Gaz.’ for bot. Ges.; on p. 142, ‘‘conidial’’ instead of conical; on p. 143, ‘““unknown on,” apparently for known only on; on p. 391, ‘Key to species,’ instead of Key to assignment of species. On p. 366 is shown a rare instance of poor selection of illustration. Each cell of the teleutospore should obviously have but one basidium. A few of the illustrations might be made more effective if labelled more clearly; such, for example, as figs. 77, 100, 173, 174, 249, 383 and 662.
These defects fortunately detract but little from the great value and usefulness of the book, and there can be no doubt of its
hearty welcome by plant pathologists. E. W. OLIVE
Harper’s Report on Forests of Alabama *
This is an exceptionally valuable report since it not only con- tains a vast amount of information about the forests of Alabama but has it classified and arranged according to geographical divisions of the state. This method has very decided advantages over general descriptions, though it requires an extensive and detailed knowledge of local conditions to be followed satis- factorily.
* Harper, Roland M. Economic Botany of Alabama. Part I: Geographical Report, Including Descriptions of the Natural Divisions of the State, their Forests and Forest Industries, with Quantitative Analyses and Statistical Tables, Mono- graph 8, Geological Survey of Alabama, University, Alabama. June, 1913. Pp. 228; map and 63 half-tones.
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In this report fifteen main divisions are recognized and some of them are subdivided into two or three. The divisions fall naturally into two classes, namely, the hill country or mineral region covering about two fifths of the state, and the coastal plain region. The latter is poor in minerals, water power, and mountain scenery, but rich in agricultural and timber resources. The line between them is called the ‘‘fall line,’ because most of the rivers which cross it have falls there.
The regions comprising the hill country are: (1) Tennessee valley; (2) coal region, northern and southern portions; (3) Coosa Valley; (4) Blue Ridge; (5) Piedmont. Those comprising the coastal plain group are: (6) central pine belt; (7) black belt; (8) Chunnennuggee Ridge; (9) post oak flatwoods; (10) southern red hills; (11) lime hills; (12) limesink region; (13) southwestern pine hills; (14) Mobile delta; (15) coast strip.
In describing each geographical division the same general plan is followed, though the amount of space devoted to each varies with the character of the country. The main headings are: Location, area, and external relations; references to previous literature; geology and soils; topography and hydrography; climate; forest types; fire; list of trees (with relative abundance and habitat of each); economic aspects, such as density of population, relative area of forests and clearings, status of stock laws, changes in relative abundance of certain species, principal forest products and wood-using industries. The location and boundaries of the different divisions and subdivisions are shown on amap. The text is supplemented by sixty-three half-tone illustrations from original photographs. An excellent bibliog- raphy of Alabama geography is included.
The author has decided views concerning the effect of fires on longleaf pine, and, as they are somewhat at variance with ideas held by foresters generally (based on experience with other types of forest), it may prove of interest to quote him. Among other things he says:
“In general the effect of fire in a forest is to keep down under- brush and trees with thin bark or low branches, and thus favor the growth of trees with thick bark and clear trunks, such as
49
most of the pines. It also returns quickly to the soil the potash and other mineral substances accumulated in fallen leaves, but drives off the inorganic matter which would otherwise make the soil more nitrogenous. It may destroy some insects which would otherwise injure the trees. . . . (It) does very little harm to the longleaf pine after that reaches the age of four or five years.
“Tt can be safely asserted that there is not and never has been a longleaf pine forest . . . which did not show evidences of fire, such as charred bark near the bases of the trees; and furthermore, that if it were possible to prevent forest fires absolutely the longleaf pine—our most useful tree—would soon become extinct. For where the herbage has not been burned most of the pine seeds lodge in the grass and fail to germinate, and if the oaks and other hardwoods were allowed to grow densely they would prevent the growth of the pine, which cannot stand much shade, especially when young.
“At the present time most of the fires in the pine woods are set purposely, to burn off the dead grass and improve the grazing. This practice has been repeatedly denounced by persons who have spent most of their lives outside of longleaf pine regions, but really the only just criticism of it that can be made is that it is done too often.”
There are two other parts of this report contemplated: “ Part II, a catalogue of the trees and shrubs, with their distribution and economic properties; Part III, the medicinal plants, the weeds and useful or noxious plants not included in the preceding parts.” SAMUEL J. RECORD
YALE FOREST SCHOOL
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
DECEMBER 9, I913 The first regular meeting for the month of December was held on the ninth at the Museum of Natural History at 8:15 P.M. President Burgess presided. Sixteen persons were present. The minutes of November 26 were read and approved. The announced program for the evening was an illustrated
50
lecture by Dr. M. T. Cook on “Peach Yellows and Methods of their Control.’’ Professor Cook briefly traced the history of the disease from the earliest times to the present. He showed that whereas the problem was formerly considered a trivial matter it is now recognized as one of the most profound subjects which presents itself to the plant pathologist. The peach yellows and a closely related disease, little peach, are of considerable menace to the peach growing industry in the east. This is due to the fact that these diseases cannot be detected in their earlier stages and consequently nurserymen and growers are continually propagating by budding from infected stock.
A most peculiar phenomenon is the appearance of the external morphological symptoms of peach yellows in trees that have been, injured, girdled, or neglected. The leaves become leathery, curl, and usually fold at the midrib. The blossoms appear earlier and likewise the fruit. The infected peach is generally speckled and insipid. The one character which enables the horticulturalist to make certain the presence of peach yellows is the witches-broom effect of the twigsin winter. This character is absent from trees suffering from injury or little peach disease.
At present there is no cure for peach yellows or little peach, and the only remedial measures taken to prevent the spread of the diseases are quarantine, and the destruction of infected trees. Dr. Cook hopes that within a short time he will be able to give the nurserymen and growers simple tests for detecting the diseases in their earlier stages.
Meeting adjourned. MICHAEL LEVINE,
Secretary pro tem.
NEWS ITEMS
Dr. Britton, accompanied by Mrs. Britton, Mr. John F. Cowell, Director of the Buffalo Botanical Garden and Mr. Frank E. Lutz of the American Museum of Natural History, sailed for Porto Rico on February 7 to continue studies of the botany and zoology of that island in codperation with the New York Academy of Sciences. The party will make Mayagiiez a base of operations
51
for explorations in western Porto Rico, and the islands of the Mona Passage, planning to return to New York about March 16.
An American Botanical Exchange Bureau has been started by Mr. G. L. Fisher, 901 Pease Avenue, Houston, Texas. It serves a very useful purpose as a medium of exchange for herba- rium specimens of American and foreign plants. Further informa- tion may be had from Mr. Fisher.
Dr. C. A. Schenck, who founded the Biltmore Forest School in 1898 and has been in charge of it ever since, announces the discontinuance of the school and his appointment to a position in the government forest service in Germany.
Yale University has just completed a new laboratory of botany and zodlogy. The building is an imposing structure of brown sandstone, erected at a cost of about five hundred thousand dollars, and has been named after the donor, Mrs. C. J. Osborn. It is constructed in the shape of an L, one wing being devoted to botany, the other to zodlogy. The botanical wing, three stories in height above the basement, contains eight large laboratories, a smaller laboratory for graduate students, a small lecture hall, numerous private rooms, rooms for mycological and photographic work, and a capacious herbarium and museum . room. In the angle between the two wings is a large auditorium with a seating capacity of three hundred. It is expected that in the near future a plant house with facilities for experimental work will be added.
Dr. Lazarus Schéney, for some time a member of the Club, died at Coney Island on February 18. He was a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences and a member of numerous other scientific bodies. He was born at Budapest, October 18, 1838.
Professor W. W. Bailey, for many years the head of the depart- ment of botany at Brown University, died at Providence, R. L., on February 20. The Evening Post writes, in part, as follows: “Professor Bailey was the son of Prof. Jacob Whitman and Maria Slaughter Bailey. He entered Brown University in 1860, and in 1862 became a private in the Tenth Rhode Island Volunteers.
-He returned to Brown and was graduated in 1864. He received
52
the degree of Ph.B. in 1873, that of A.M. in 1893 from that university. He studied botany at Columbia in 1872 and at Harvard Summer School in 1875, 1876, and 1879. In 1866 he was an assistant in chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and from 1867-68 he was the botanist of the United States geological survey of the fortieth parallel. During the latter year he became Deputy Secretary of the State of Rhode Island, and from 1869-71 he served as assistant librarian of the Providence Atheneum. He taught botany in private schools in Providence, and in 1877 he became an instructor at Brown. From 1881-1906 he served as professor of botany at tH€ same university, and since the latter date he has been professor emeritus. Professor Bailey was a member of the second board of visitors to the United States Military Academy in 1896, and in 1902 a delegate to the centennial of the United States Military Academy. He was a director of the Providence Atheneum, 1900-3; a member of the International Society of Botanists, the New England Botanical Club, the Rhode Island Horti- cultural Society, the Boston and Newport Societies of Natural History, the Torrey Botanical Club, the New York Micro- scopical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, having been president of the Rhode Island Alpha, 1903-5, Sigma Xi, president of Brown chapter, 1903-4. He was also a member of the G. A. R., the Sons of the Revolution, the Society of American Wars, the Council of the Agassiz Association, and an honorary member of the Rhode Island Medical Society.”” Professor Bailey was born at West Point, N. Y., on February 22, 1843. He was the author of many books and articles.
The ‘‘second circular” of the Fourth International Botanical Congress, to be held in London in 1915, has appeared. It is taken up by a discussion of the nomenclature questions to be brought up at the Congress. Among these are to fix the starting point for the nomenclature of Schizomycetes, Schizophyceae (excepting Nostocaceae), Flagellatae and Bacillariaceae; and the compilation of lists of ‘“‘genera conservanda’”’ for fungi, lichens, Bryophyta, and of a double list of such genera for paleobotanists. After bewailing the fact that nomenclature has occupied most
5d
of the attention of the congresses since the Paris meeting in 1900, the incorrigibly optimistic committee close their circular thus: “Tt is highly desirable from all points of view that this work should be completed in London in 1915, and should cease to occupy the International Botanical Congresses. We therefore urgently beg botanists in general, and cryptogamists and palaeo- botanists in particular, to examine carefully these points which still require consideration, and to formulate their propositions in such a manner that nothing may be left over for 1920.” Further information may be had from Dr. A. B. Rendle, British Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S. W. The Rapporteur Général is Dr. J. Briquet, Director of the Botanical Garden at Geneva.
We learn from Science that The Mendelian Society of Vienna has celebrated the thirtieth anniversary of Mendel’s death by opening a new institute devoted to research in heredity.
Dr. E. East, of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, delivered a lecture at the Academy of Music, Brooklyn, on Sat-
urday, February 28, on “The evolution of the modern ear of corn.”’
According to the Evening Post Miss Edna Dwinel Stoddard has been promoted from instructor to assistant professor of botany at Smith College.
We learn from Science that Dr. Ludwig Diels, of Marburg, has been appointed associate professor of botany in the University of Berlin, and assistant director of the Botanical Garden and Museum.
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NORMAN TAYLOR
Bpeokiyn Botanic Gard en = Braduiyny N. ‘YY.
TORREYA
April, 1914. Vol. 14 No. 4
THE INTERNATIONAL PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC EXCURSION IN AMERICA*
By GEORGE E. NICHOLS
During the summer of 1913 it was the privilege of the writer to participate in the International Phytogeographic Excursion in America. This excursion was organized and conducted by Professor H. C. Cowles, of Chicago, to whom too much credit cannot be given for his careful planning and efficient leadership. The personnel of the party included ten Europeans and seven Americans. The foreign members were Professor Adolf Engler, of Berlin; Professor C. von Tubeuf, of Munich; Professor C. Schroéter, Dr. E. Riibel, and Dr. and Mrs. H. Brockmann- Jerosch, of Zurich; Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Tansley, of Cambridge; Dr. O. Paulsen, of Copenhagen; and Professor T. J. Stomps, of Amsterdam. The American members, besides Professor Cowles and the writer, were Professor and Mrs. F. E. Clements, of Minneapolis; Professor and Mrs. A. Dachnowski, of Columbus; and Dr. G. D. Fuller, of Chicago. The excursion was joined by other American botanists in various parts of the country, and some of these accompanied the party for one or two weeks. Altogether the excursion was participated in by nearly two hundred. The expedition left New York, westward bound, on July 30, and the route traveled during the succeeding ten weeks is indicated on the map (fig. 1.) A short account of the trip is here given, together with some reference to the more salient features of the vegetation encountered.t Attention is confined chiefly to the botanical side of the excursion, but it need hardly be remarked that-the hospitable reception accorded the party
* Contribution from the Osborn Botanical Laboratory. 7 A more detailed account is being published by Tansley in the New Phytologist. [No. 3, Vol. 14, of ToRREYA, comprising pp, 30-53, was issued 17 March, ro9r4,]
55
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56
all along the route, and particularly the enthusiastic co6peration of botanists in the various regions visited, contributed very materially to the success and enjoyment of the trip.
Although the excursion was formally organized at Chicago, before leaving the east a number of short trips were taken to localities of botanical interest in the vicinity of New York.
Te. eal Co LAS aA i
¥
ot ee Pian tea eS > = tek IY
Fic. 1. Map showing route followed by I. P. E. in the United States.
An afternoon was spent near Hempstead, Long Island, where the principal attraction was the peculiar natural prairie described by Harper.* To the Europeans, however, the sandy swamps proved equally entertaining. A two-day jaunt into southern New Jersey afforded an opportunity to study the extensive salt marshes about Barnegat and the pine barren flora in the neighbor- hood of Warren Grove. In this latter locality the three types of vegetation so characteristic of the barrens are well represented, viz: the forests of Pinus rigida, Quercus marilandica, etc., the pigmy forests of the‘ ‘plains’’—the home of Corema Conradu, and and the cedar (Chamecyparis tiyoides) swamps with their unique assemblage of rare plants.t A half day each was devoted to the
* Harper, R. M. The Hempstead Plains of Long Island. Torreya 12: 277— 286. fig. 1-7. 1912.
+ For further description, see Stone, W. The plants of southern New
Jersey, with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens. Ann. Rept. New Jersey State Mus. 1910: 25-828. pl. 1-129 + fig. I-5 + map.
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Brooklyn Botanic Garden and the New York Botanical Garden. The beautiful hemlock grove in the Bronx Garden gave the visitors their first glimpse of the climax forest of the east.
Except for a stop at Niagara Falls the journey to Chicago was uneventful. Chicago lies in the transition area between the forested region of the east and the prairie region of the middle west, and the distribution here of forest and prairie is influenced largely by edaphic factors. On the uplands forests occupy the glacial moraines and the beaches of the former Lake Chicago; the rest of the country is grassland.* During the week here visits were made to prairies and oak-hickory (Quercus sp., Hicoria sp.) forests near the city, to clay bluffs and ravines along the lake north of the city, to a tamarack (Larix laricina) swamp in northern Indiana, and to a magnificent tract of virgin beech-maple (Fagus grandifolia, Acer Saccharum) forest in south- ern Michigan—a forest much like those of southern New England in its general aspect, but of a more mesophytic type than those west of Lake Michigan. The real drawing card in this region, however, is the sand-dunes which fringe almost uninterruptedly the eastern margin of Lake Michigan, continuing around the southern end of the lake and along the western shore as far as Chicago. Two entire days were devoted to the study of this fascinating area, whose vegetation has been so graphically portrayed by Cowles.+
The excursionists left Chicago on the evening of August 8, and arrived in Lincoln, Nebraska, on the following morning. The country about Lincoln is one of rolling prairies with tortuous lines of trees fringing the streams. These stream forests, best developed on the flood plains, represent the westernmost exten- sions of the deciduous forests of the east. Once the eastern botanist, westward-bound, has left these behind, he has severed, so to speak, the last familiar tie. The prairies themselves in their midsummer aspect are depressing. A hasty survey of the region
* For further discussion see Cowles, H. C. The physiographic ecology of Chicago and vicinity. Bot. Gaz. 31: 78-108, 145-182. 1901.
7 Cowles, H. C. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Bot. Gaz. 27: 95-117; 167-202, 281-308; 361-391. fig. I-162. 1899.
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about Lincoln was made in automobiles, but lack of time and intense heat precluded anything resembling careful study.
That evening the party continued the journey, stopping next at Akron, Colorado, 400 miles west of Lincoln. Akron lies in the midst of the Great Plains. North and south, east and west, as far as the eye can reach, stretches a vast, featureless expanse of grassland. Two most interesting days were spent here. The first of these was occupied by an eighty-mile automobile ride across the plains, to and from the sand hills, with frequent stops. The second day was spent about the United States Dry Land Experiment Station. The prevalent type of vegetation on the plains proper, as contrasted with the sand hills, consists largely of various species of Bouteloua, Buchloé, and Aristida, and is commonly spoken of as short-grass. The short-grass associa- tions, together with those characteristic of the sand hills, have been fully discussed by Shantz.*
Two days were next occupied along the eastern border of the Rocky Mountains—at Palmer Lake and near Colorado City— studying the vegetation of the tension zone between forest toward the west and grassland toward the east. In the invasion of grassland by forest the advance guard is usually a thicket in which Quercus Gunnisonu. commonly is dominant. The thicket stage may be followed by Pinus edulis and Juniperus scopulorum, but more often, as in the Garden of the Gods, the two stages are telescoped. On the ridges and hills the pinyon and juniper in many places are becoming supplanted by Pinus ponderosa scopulorum.
Eight days were devoted to the exploration of the region about Pikes Peak, headquarters during this period being at Minne- haha-on-Ruxton, about halfway up the cog railway to the summit of the peak. Although in certain respects not typical of the area as a whole, this region gives one a very fair concep- tion of the general nature of the forests of the Rocky Mountains, and of the way in which vegetation here is modified as a result of differences in exposure and altitude. The climax forest in the
* Shantz, H.L. Natural vegetation as an indicator of the capabilities of land
for crop production in the Great Plains area. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bureau of Plant Industry Bull. 201. 1911.
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vicinity of Minnehaha (altitude 8,000 feet) consists principally of Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Picea Engelmanni. The former predominates at lower, the latter at higher elevations. Such forests may become quite mesophytic and are best developed on
Fic, 2. I. P. E. on dunes at Sawyer, Michigan. From left to right: (stand- ing) Dr. Brockmann-Jerosch, Dr. E. N. Transeau, Professor H. C. Cowles, Pro- fessor O. W. Caldwell, Mr. A. G. Tansley, Dr. O. Paulsen, Mrs. A. G. Tansley, Professor C. Schréter, Professor A. Dachnowski, Professor J. M. Coulter, Mrs. H. Brockmann-Jerosch, Professor T. J. Stomps, Professor C. von Tubeuf ; (seated) Dr. G, D. Fuller, Dr. E. Riibel. Top branches of dune-buried oaks in background.
north slopes. South slopes, on the other hand, are usually coy- ered with a more xerophytic, open type of forest in which Pinus ponderosa scopulorum and Pinus flexilis are the characteristic trees. Gravel slides in all stages of forestation are a prominent feature in the neighborhood of Minnehaha.* The day selected for the ascent of Pikes Peak was cold, wet and disagreeable,
* See Schneider, E. C. The distribution of woody plants in the Pikes Peak region. Colorado Coll. Publ., Science Ser. 12: 137-170. Map. i909. Also the
succession of plant life on the gravel slides in the vicinity of Pikes Peak, loc. cit., I2: 289-311. fig. I-6. IgQII.
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and the top of the mountain was covered with snow. Much more interesting from a botanical standpoint was the excursion up Mount Garfield (altitude 12,365 feet), for which two days were set aside. Engelmann spruce continues as the dominant tree up to an elevation of about 11,300 feet, where it gives way to Pinus aristata, the characteristic timber-line tree. ‘‘ Krumm- holz”’ forms of both these trees are common in certain localities. On Mount Garfield, as on other peaks of sufficient elevation, timber-line as a rule is sharply defined, and the alpine vegetation of the rocky meadows above is in marked contrast to that of the forests below. The alpine gravel-slides with their curious growth of ‘‘cushion-plants’”’ are especially unique.
The next stopping-place, after leaving Minnehaha, was Salt Lake City, Utah, where parts of two days were spent examining tracts of vegetation in the proximity of Great Salt Lake. As might be anticipated, the natural vegetation of this desert country is not very diversified. Sage-brush (Artemisia tridentata) dominates nearly everywhere on the fresher soils, while alkaline soils are populated by species of Sarcobatus, Kochia, Atriplex, and various herbaceous halophytes.*
The journey from Salt Lake City to Tacoma, Washington, was broken by a brief stop at North Yakima, Washington, to note the marvelous results that have been achieved in this territory by irrigation. Of the six days allowed for western Washington, the five spent in the vicinity of Mount Rainier to the writer represent the most enjoyable part of the entire trip. Two days were devoted to forests in the neighborhood of Kapow- sin and the National Park Inn, and two more were spent about Camp of the Clouds. Nowhere in the world is there found a more magnificent display of coniferous forest than here in the Pacific Northwest. The most characteristic tree of the humid forests along the western slopes of Mount Rainier, and of the lowlands of Washington, is Pseudotsuga taxifolia, which here attains enormous dimensions. Associated with this as im-
* For detailed description of the region visited see Kearney, T. H., Briggs, J. L., Shantz, H. L., McLane, J. W. and Piemeisel, R. L. Indicate significance of vege-
tation in Tooele Valley, Utah. Jour. Agr. Research 1: 365-417. fl. 43-48 + fig. I-13 +map. I0914.
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portant constituents of the forest are Tsuga heterophylla and Thuja plicata. Among the most conspicuous shrubs in the rank, luxuriant undergrowth are Echinopanax horridum, Acer cir- cinatum, and Gaultheria Shallon. Seedlings of various trees germinate everywhere on fallen logs; there is a wealth of ferns; while rocks, ground, logs, and trees are covered with mosses.
The ecological resemblance between this forest and certain forests in the east, e. g., those of northwestern Connecticut, is striking. Not only is there a similarity in their general aspect, in the mesophytic nature of the undergrowth, etc., but the like- ness is further emphasized when a detailed analysis of the flora of the two is made. To be sure, the Douglas spruce is lacking in the east, beech and chestnut in the west, but hemlock is present in both places. Betula lutea is absent from the western forest, but Alnus oregana may be considered its ecological equivalent. The eastern Acer pennsylvanicum finds its counterpart in the western A. circinatum; Taxus canadensis of the east easily corre- sponds to T. brevifolia of the west, Cornus Florida to C. Nuttallit; and so on. Moreover, many herbaceous species are common to both, e. g. Lycopodium lucidulum, Cornus canadensis, Linnaea borealis, and Chimaphila umbellata, while the species of Clintonia, Trillium, Maianthemum, Tiarella, Oxalis, and other genera characteristic of the eastern forest are closely paralleled by very similar species here in this western forest.
Proceeding upward from National Park Inn there is a gradual change in the composition of the forest, until at an elevation of 4,500 feet it consists largely of Tsuga heterophylla, Chamecyparts nootkatensis, and various species of Abies. There is no distinct timber-line on Mount Rainier. Camp of the Clouds, in the Paradise Valley (altitude 5,550 feet), lies in the midst of a lovely mountain park where scattered clumps of trees—mainly Abies lasiocarpa—alternate with alpine meadows. The meadows below the camp are a veritable garden, whose brilliant floral display was said by the Swiss members of the party to equal even that of their own Alps.
Returning to Tacoma, some of the party visited the “oak- openings”’ in the neighborhood of Spanaway Lake, while others
62
took in the kelp-groves near Point Defiance. Further oppor- tunity to study the forests of the northwest was given at Medford, Oregon, where for three days the excursionists were guests of the Medford Commercial and University Clubs. The principal attraction here was Crater Lake, situated eighty miles northeast of Medford at the crest of the Cascade Mountains, and regarded by geologists as one of the wonders of the world. The journey
Fic. 3. From left to right: Professor C. Schréter, Professor A. Engler, Dr. E. Riibel. Photograph taken near Minnehaha by Dr. H. L. Shantz.
from Medford to the lake was made by automobile. En route, there were traversed first the fertile agricultural lands of the Rogue River valley (altitude about 1,400 feet), where the natural vegetation consists mainly of grassland alternating with oak (Q. Garryana, Q. californica) and chaparral. The foothills are sparsely timbered with Pinus ponderosa and oak. With increas- ing elevation the forest becomes denser, and thirty-five miles from Medford the road enters the Crater Lake National Forest, which is heavily timbered with Pinus ponderosa, P. Lambertiana,
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Pseudotsuga, and Libocedrus decurrens. At still higher levels occur nearly pure growths of Pinus Murrayana, while about Crater Lake (altitude 6,000-8,000 feet) are subalpine forests of Tsuga Mertensiana, Abies magnifica, A. lasiocarpa, etc.
Leaving Medford, the party journeyed directly to the Yosemite National Park, via San Francisco. Upon entering the foothills of the Sierras, after crossing the grassy San Joachim Valley, the most striking difference in the vegetation, as compared with that farther north, is seen in the presence of Pinus Sabiniana, one of the most distinctive Californian coniftrs. The first night in the Sierras was spent at El Portal. From here the party traveled by stage to the Yosemite Valley, thence to Wawona and the Mari- posa big-tree grove. A stop of a day and a half was made here. On the return trip to El Portal a night was spent at Glacier Point, which commands a splendid view of the Yosemite Valley. The chief features of botanical interest in this region are the Sierran forests and the big-tree (Sequoia gigantea) groves. Like prac- tically all forests west of the Great Plains, those characteristic of the high Sierras, and magnificently developed in the vicinity of Wawona, are coniferous. The largest and most conspicuous tree is Pinus Lambertiana, with which are associated Libocedrus decurrens, Abies concolor, Pinus ponderosa, and Pseudotsuga. The shrubby undergrowth is mainly chaparral. The big-tree occurs in scattered groves, usually intermixed with other trees, and only rarely forms pure stands. The excursionists remained for the better part of a day in the Mariposa grove, wandering about like Lilliputians in the land of Brobdingnag.
In the vicinity of San Francisco a profitable day was spent on Mount Tamalpais with its evergreen-scrub forest of chaparral, and in Muir Woods where the acquaintance was made of Sequoia sempervirens.
The objective point of the excursion upon leaving San Fran- cisco was Tucson, Arizona. But the thousand-mile railway journey was interrupted by several stops, notably at Monterey, the home of Cupressus macrocarpa and the center of one of the most remarkable communities of endemic plants in existence, and at Mecca, where studies were made of succession along the margin of Salton Sea.
64
So much has been written regarding the vegetation of the Tucson region* that it is hardly necessary to attempt any account in this connection. During their five days’ stay here the members of the party were royally entertained, practically every expense being defrayed by the Carnegie Desert Laboratory. Never had the writer realized that a desert could be such a congenial habitat. The first day was occupied by an examination of the laboratories and their environs. On the second the excursionists were driven in automobiles eighteen miles across the desert to the foot of the Santa Catalina Mountains. That night they encamped in the midst of a grove of oaks and junipers 2,500 feet higher and 30 degrees colder than the distant plain. From this base camp trips were made to higher levels. All of the party climbed to Bear Canyon (altitude 6,000 feet) and several ascended Mount Lemmon (altitude 9,150 feet).
Two days at the Grand Canyon marked the culmination of the I. P. E. From a standpoint of botanical interest the most noteworthy feature here is the zonal distribution of the vegeta- tion on the sides of the canyon. At the top is an open, park-like forest of Pinus ponderosa, P. edulis and Juniperus monosperma. Immediately below the rim occur Pseudotsuga and Abies con- color, but farther down these are superseded by pinyon and juniper. About halfway to the bottom of the canyon is a plateau covered with an almost pure growth of Coleogyne ramosissima, while at the level of the river vegetation is scant and extremely xerophytic, Ephedra sp. being the most characteristic plant.
Stops for study in the pine forests of eastern Texas and in the region about New Orleans had been contemplated, but extensive floods made it necessary to abandon this part of the program. At New Orleans the party disbanded, most of the European members returning to New York via Washington.
SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL, YALE UNIVERSITY
* See especially Spalding, V. M. Distribution and movements of desert plants. Carnegie Inst. Publ. No. 113, pp. 1-144. pl. I-3I. 1909.
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LIST OF PLANTS COLLECTED ON THE STEFANSON- ANDERSON ARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1908-12
By P. A. RYDBERG
A small collection of arctic and subarctic plants was recently turned over to me for naming. They were collected rather incidentally by Professor R. M. Anderson and kindly donated by him to the New York Botanical Garden. One species of Astra- galus is probably new and several of the plants are very rare. The list is by no means complete as to the vegetation of the region, but may be of some interest.
Smith’s Landing, Slave River, Alberta, June 5, 1908:
Rosa acicularis Lindl. Small depauperate form. Prunus corymbulosa Rydb. In good flowers.
Bear Rock, mouth of Bear River, Fort Norman, Mackenzie, July 9, 1908: Cypripedium passerinum Richardson (?). Only in leaf, and the species doubtful.
Mouth of Kogaryuak River, 18 miles east of Coppermine River, Coronation Gulf, Arctic coast, Canada, June 18, I9II:
Salix arctica Pallas. Rather small specimen.
Draba hirta L. Tall specimen.
Astragalus sp. An unknown species, somewhat resembling A. alpinus, but more slender, with small, narrow, grayish, hirsute leaflets, white flowers, purple only on the tip of the keel, black-hairy calyx shorter than in A. alpinus. No fruit was found, which makes it impossible to characterize the plant fully.
Lupinus arcticus S. Wats. A form more grayish-pubescent than the Victoria Island specimen.
Hedysarum Mackenzit Richards. A low specimen.
_Rhododendron lapponicum L.
Casstope tetragona D. Don. Luxuriant specimens. Used as fuel
by the Esquimeaux.
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Pedicularis lanata Willd. Fair specimen. Pedicularis arctica R. Br. Good specimen.
Southwest Victoria Island, 15 miles east of Point Williams, Arctic, Canada, July 21, Igit:
Salix phlebophylla And. Specimen with rather large leaves.
Papaver radicatum Rottb. In fruit.
Dryas integrifolia Vahl. Both the typical and the lobed-leaved forms.
Potentilla pulchella R. Br. Good specimen with rather narrow leaf-segments.
Lupinus arcticus S. Wats. The typical form.
Maram alpina (L.) Desy. In leaves only. Itis probably the red-fruited form.
Androsace Chamaejasme arctica Kunth. Excellent specimens.
Statice sibirica (Turcz.) Ledeb. Good specimens.
Chrysanthemum tntegrifolium Richards. Small specimen.
Cape Bathurst, Arctic coast, northwest Canada, July 6, 1912:
Salix anglorum Cham. Typical.
Oxyria digyna (L.) Compt. Good specimens.
Ranunculus nivalis L. Good typical specimen.
Draba glacialis Adams. With young flowers, small-leaved.
Cochlearia groenlandica L. In flowers.
Androsace Chamaejasme arctica Kunth. Excellent specimens.
Primula borealis Duby. Just beginning to bloom, therefore pedicels rather short.
Phlox Richardsonu Hook. Best specimens seen of this rare plant.
Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill. Good specimens.
King Point, Yukon Territory, August 27, I9I2:
Polygonum fugax Small. Out of bloom and spike gone, but probably this species.
Ledum decumbens Lodd. Small specimen.
Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L. Only a fragment.
Valeriana capitata Pallas. Rather small specimen.
NEw YoOrRK BOTANICAL GARDEN
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A NEW GENUS FROM MISSOURI
By KENNETH K. MACKENZIE
It is a novel experience to receive a specimen from the range covered by the Illustrated Flora and by Gray’s Manual which cannot be readily referred to well known genera. Not only has Mr. E. J. Palmer succeeded in discovering such a plant in south- western Missouri, but he has found a plant the family position of which may be open to question. I have not been able to find anything at all like the plant found by him, and therefore propose it as the type of a new genus:
Geocarpon gen. nov.
A low glabrous winter-annual branching from the base. Leaves opposite, equal or nearly so, entire, sessile and connate at base, without stipules, scarcely succulent. Flowers sessile in the axils, one at each node, alternating with the flowers above and below. Calyx free, somewhat turbinate, the lower third or half united into a tube, the segments five, erect, not carinate, un- appendaged, ovate, acutish, green with minute white margin, not petaloid, 3-nerved, each lateral nerve united below cleft of calyx with lateral nerve of next sepal. Corolla absent. Stamens five, alternate with calyx lobes, inserted on tube of calyx, the filaments white, somewhat flattened, slender, barely 1 mm. long, not reaching above calyx, the anthers minute, short oblong, bilocular. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled with central placentae, 30-50 ovuled, dehiscent by three valves, the sharp tips slightly exceed- ing the stigmas. Style none. Stigmas three, stigmatose along inner surface, alternating with tips of capsule. Seeds minute, smoothish, estrophiolate, the slender, straight, ascending funiculi remaining attached to the five central placentae.
G. minimum sp. nov. Branches 1-4 cm. long; leaves of branches linear-elliptic to ovate, cucullate, 3-4 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, the basal linear, flat, 4-6 mm. long; calyx 4-5 mm. ong, slightly exceeding capsule.
Type collected by E. J. Palmer (No. 3921) in sandy barrens
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near Alba, Jasper County, Missouri, on April 20, 1913, and sent to me by Mr. B. F. Bush for identification.
This plant is probably to be referred to the family Aizoaceae, or as treated in the Synoptical Flora 1: 256 the Ficoideae, and to the tribe Aizoideae of that family. In many respects it seems to come closer to the genus Cypselea than to any other North American genus. It differs markedly in the absence of stipules and style and in the capsule not being circumscissile. The other genera of the tribe in question, found in this country, are succu- lent plants with circumscissile capsules and cornute calyx-lobes-
The tribe Mollugineae of the same family characterized by a calyx divided nearly or quite to the base, and represented in the United States by two genera having 3-celled ovaries, is less closely related to our plant. Nor can our plant be considered an apetalous representative of the Alsinaceae, as the sepals in that family are distinct or very nearly so. It seems in fact to represent a well-characterized genus.
NEw YORK
SHORTER NOTES
BERGSON AND THE BIOMETRICAL MeEtTHopD. The controversy over the definiteness (and fixity) of morphological types is no longer of supreme interest to the present-day taxonomists: But the exact status of the biometrical method is still under discussion; in that connection, at least, it may be interesting to note two references from a recent book on philosophy, Bergson’s Creative Evolution. They at once support and illumine the biometrical method. The first (P. 13) states that ‘‘vital prop- erties are never entirely realized, though always on the way to become so; they are not so much states as tendencies.”” Because of this we have the second statement (P. 116), “the group must not be defined by the possession of certain characters but by its tendency to emphasize them.”
JEAN BROADHURST
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PROCEEDINGS On: THE’ CLUB JANUARY 13, I914
The annual meeting of the Club was held on January 13, 1914, at the American Museum of Natural History at 8:15 P.M. President Burgess presided. Fourteen persons were present. The minutes of December 9 were read and approved.
Mrs. L. N. Keeler, Scarsdale, N. Y. and F. L. Pickett, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, were nominated for member- ship. The resignations of the following members were read and accepted: Mrs. Pamela Eakins, Mrs. George Such, Mrs. Henry Dinkelspiel, Mrs. Alice Popper, Miss Mary Brackett, Wm. Holmes, and Albert Calman. Mrs. L. M. Keeler and F. L. Pickett were then elected to membership in the Club.
The annual reports of the officers of the Club were next in order. The secretary reported that fifteen meetings had been held during the year with an average attendance of 15 persons. Eleven new members have been elected during the year. Nine resignations have been accepted and five deaths have occurred. The report was accepted and ordered placed on file.
The treasurer’s report was presented and upon motion was referred to the auditing committee.
Mr. Norman Taylor, editor of ToRREYA, presented a special report relating to that journal. This report was accepted.
Mr. Sereno Stetson, chairman of the field committee, then gave his report and upon motion of Dr. Britton this was accepted and a vote of thanks was extended to Mr. Stetson for the work which he did in connection with these field meetings. Remarks were made by Miss Jean Broadhurst, Dr. Mansfield, Professor Harper and others relating to.future field meetings.
Dr. Britton, chairman of the local flora committee, announced that the work on the local flora being prepared by Mr. Norman Taylor would be published as a Memoir of the New York Botan- ical Garden and goes to press some time in February. Professor Harper remarked upon the advisability of continuing the local flora work with a special reference to a study of the Cryptogamic flora.
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Election of officers for I914 resulted as follows: President, Robert Almer Harper; Vice-Presidents, John Hendley Barnhart, Herbert Maule Richards; Secretary and Treasurer, Bernard Ogilvie Dodge; Editor, Alexander William Evans; Associate Editors, Jean Broadhurst, Ernest Dunbar Clark, J. Arthur Harris, Marshall Avery Howe, Herbert Maule Richards, Arlow Burdette Stout, and Norman Taylor.
Dr. William Mansfield was elected delegate to the council of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Meeting adjourned. MICHAEL LEVINE,
Secretary pro tem.
JANUARY 28, 1914
The meeting of January 28 was held in the lecture room of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 P.M. Vice-president Barn- hart presided. Twenty-five persons were present. The minutes of January 13 were read and approved.
Miss Laura Bragg, Charleston, South Carolina, and Mr. Frederick V. Rand, Columbia University, New York City were nominated for membership. The secretary then read an applica- tion presented by Mr. Norman Taylor for a grant of two hundred dollars from the Esther Herman fund of the New York Academy of Sciences, to aid him in completing a survey of the Long Island flora. This application was unanimously approved.
Miss Laura Bragg and Frederick V. Rand were then elected to membership.
The announced scientific program consisted of an illustrated lecture ‘‘The Coniferous Forests of Eastern North America,’” by Dr. Roland M. Harper. The following abstract was furnished by the speaker:
In eastern North America about 30 species of conifers make up at least three quarters of the existing forests. Most of the houses in the United States and Canada are built of their wood, most of our paper comes from the same source, and in some states at least, most of the fuel. Most of the conifers grow in pure stands of greater or less extent, so that there are about as many types of coniferous forest as there are species of conifers.
Gal
All but a few of the rarer or less important species were dis- cussed from the standpoint of geographical distribution and rela- tions to soil, water, climate, fire, etc. Fire as an environmental factor has hitherto received scant attention, partly because it is commonly regarded as a mere accident, and partly because it is not easy to experiment with. But the different species of conifers differ widely in their relations to fire, and it seems that for almost every type of coniferous forest there is a normal or optimum frequency of fire, varying from perhaps once in two or three years to once or twice in a century. The paper was illustrated _ by 47 lantern slides. Meeting adjourned. BO. Dope:
Secretary
NEWS ITEMS
William Ruggles Gerard died suddenly in New York City, February 26,1914. He was born in Newburgh, N. Y., March 29, 1841, and in boyhood entered the employ of a druggist in Pough- keepsie; he remained in the same business until finally he became proprietor of a drug store in that city. He began the study of fungi at a time when few American botanists had devoted at- tention to that group of plants, his first descriptions of new species appearing in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club for October, 1873, before the publication of the earliest myco- logical papers of Burrill, Ellis, Farlow, or Morgan. In the following year he was one of the founders of the Poughkeepsie Society of Natural Science, in whose Proceedings a number of his botanical papers were published. In 1877 he removed to New York City, where he was an active member of the Torrey Botan- ical Club for some years. Before the death of William H. Leggett, the founder and editor of the Bulletin, Mr. Gerard was made assistant editor, and he followed him as editor, filling that office from April, 1882, to December, 1885. In later years he was interested in the derivation of plant names, especially those of
72
American Indian origin, and contributed papers on this subject to Garden & Forest in 1895 and 1896. Otherwise his botanical studies seem to have ended with the year 1885.
Miss Jean Broadhurst has been awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Cornell University and has been appointed assistant professor of biology at Teachers College.
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and party have returned from bo- tanical explorations in Porto Rico.
We learn from Science that Professor Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, is spending the month of March at the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution near Tucson, Arizona. Professor Bessey plans to study and collect material of numerous species of the desert flora. While he is away Dr. R. J. Pool is in charge of the department of botany at the University of Nebraska.
Dr. Simon Schwendener, professor of botany at Berlin, has celebrated his eighty-sixth birthday.
It is stated in Science that Mr. J. Adams, assistant in botany in the Royal College of Science, Dublin, has been appointed toa position under the Canadian government.
cA
_ The T orrey Botanical Club
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The following Committees have been appointed for 1914
: Finance Committee Field Committee J. H. Barnuart, Chairman SERENO STETSON, Chairman Miss.€. C. HAyNEs Budget Committee Program Committee ee J. H: Barnuart, Chairman Mrs, E. G. Britton, Chairman N. L. Brirron Miss JEAN BROADHURST B. O. DopcE . C.-StuarRt GAGER M. A: Howe EF. J. SEAVER * A. W. Evans.
H. H.. Russy
Local Flora Committee
N. L. Britton, Chairman
Phanerogams: Cryptogams: EP. BICKNELL oy Mrs. E.G. BRitTron N. L. Brirron ~ - Puitre DOWELL eae CO CURTISS: Eeet Tracy E, Hazen Ae Ke, KOM ACKENTIE..¢ = M. A. Howe * Norman Tayior | W. A. Murrity
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences ; WILLIAM MANSFIELD
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Mar 4 oN May, 19014 No. 5
ORREYA.
~-A Montuty Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
- NORMAN TAYLOR
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
| ¥ CONTENTS 4 A Preliminary List of the Lichens Found Within a Radius of 100 Miles of New 2 York City: G. C. Wood...-:1..--ss0+= pn) SO eS ee STEN eee: Gir ee 73 ‘News Items arth DREAD Sree tae RoR SETS ESIC SS PEPER OETE De CE TICE Cea: REPS Te 95
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*) BY THe New Era Printinc Company
{Entered atthe Post Office at Lancaster, Pa.,as second-class matter.]
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
President R. A. HARPER, Pu.D.
ra
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BERNARD O. DODGE, Ph.D. Columbia University, New York City
Editor
ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Px.D: Associate Editors
JEAN BROADHURST, PH.D. : MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D
ERNEST D. CLARK, PH.D: : HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D, J. A. HARRIS PH.D. -\ _AREOW B. STOUT, PH.D.
NORMAN TAYLOR
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TORREYA
May, Ig1f4.
Vol. 14 No. 5 Pei tIMINARY LIST OF TFHE LICHENS FOUND WITHIN A RADIUS OF i100 MILES OF NEW YORK CITY.
By GEORGE C. Woop
Some ten years ago the writer pursued the study of lichens with a view to becoming familiar with those forms in the neigh- borhood of New York City. A partial list was brought together as a result of many excursions and presented to the New-York Botanical Garden as part of a work towards an advanced degree in science. The list was lost for some years and but recently found among the effects of Professor Lucien M. Underwood, then in charge of advanced work at the garden. |
It was thought advisable to publish the list as a beginning of a possible future complete survey of the district, particularly with a view to its adding some forms to the Long Island biological survey, which is being conducted under the auspices of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. But the nomenclature used in the completion of the list was that of Tuckerman. The Engler and Prantl system has since partially superseded it and it was thought best to arrange it so that it would meet the new requirements.*
* The following order follows largely the classification set forth by the l’Abbe Hue, which is based upon thalline structure. This order does not differ greatfy in results from that adapted by Dr. Zahlbruckner in Engler and Prantl, except in a few notable instances, though the latter’s is developed upon phylogenetic prin- ciples. That lichens are the result of a peculiar parasitic or saprophytic relation between a fungal mycelium and an algal host seems a well established fact, but that the lichen as a distinct organism has undergone a well marked evolutionary develop- ment, is also very evident. Therefore to adopt a classification for them as they are, and not because of their origin, is to me the logical course. We have as yet no proof of the synthetic formation of lichens im nature. Lichens arise from preéxisting lichens and thus probably reproduce only by soredia and fragmenta- tion. Protophytic characters are not necessarily to be employed if we wish to adopt a natural classification. In rearranging the nomenclature I have had the aid in several instances by Dr. H. E. Hasse.
R. HEBER Howe, JR.
[No. 4, Vol. 14, of TorREYA, comprising pp. 55-72, was issued 8 April, 1914.]
73
74
The accompanying introductory note by Dr. Howe, curator of the Thoreau Museum of Natural History at Concord, Mass., fully explains the basis upon which the classification followed here is made. The writer wishes to here make public acknowl- edgment of the tireless work of Dr. Howe in completely trans- posing this entire list from the one system to the other, under most unfavorable circumstances. Thanks are also due him for reading of the proofs of this article.
Using Dr. Howe’s transposed list, the writer thought it best to use Tuckerman’s nomenclature of families and genera, in so far as they fitted into the new scheme as a basis of procedure. So far as possible this has been done, the equivalent genus and species being placed under the old name following an equality (=) sign. In some cases the Tuckerman genus name has been dropped entirely in the new scheme. In this case, since there is at present no Tuckerman equivalent, the new nomenclature is placed first, with the old equivalent of Tuckerman following: An asterisk (*) before a genus shows where this plan has been followed. Certain new genera indicated in the equivalents have also been inserted in the scheme in their proper and relative places to give a general idea of the new nomenclature as far as represented in this list, and as a sort of cross reference. Such genera are indicated by reference to the old Tuckerman genus, i. e., Biatorella (see Lecanora).
FOREWORD
Not since the year 1823 has a single attempt been made to catalogue the lichens growing in the vicinity of New York City. It was in that year that Halsey, supplementary to the list prepared by Torrey in the year 1819, succeeded in compiling a list of some 180 species found or reported to be found within a radius of 30 miles of City Hall, New York City.
Whether it is on account of their lowness in the plant kingdom, or of the difficulties attending their study, it is apparent that a field, wide and rich in innumerable forms, and entirely free from competitors, is open and waiting for one who desires to enlarge and enrich the already existing, but meager and scattered data concerning the lichen flora of this region.
i)
After one and one half years of work, including many thorough examinations of the Lichen Herbarium of the New York Botan- ical Museum; 30 days spent in the field and much time consumed in the identification of species, a list has been prepared comprising over 300 species taken from an area included within the limits of a circle, the center of which is City Hall, New York City, and the radius of which is 100 miles.
_ This list is by no means complete. Yet I consider it to be a beginning large enough to justify me in presenting it at this time. It is hoped that many new species, hitherto unknown in
this locality, together with many new habitats may subsequently be added. BOUNDARIES
A circle drawn with its center at City Hall, New York City, and having for its radius a line 100 miles in length, will include the greater part of Long Island; the whole of Staten Island; the greater part of New Jersey; parts of Pennsylvania; New York state as far north as Catskill and more than half of Connecticut.
It has been the custom of the Torrey Botanical Club to include within the 100 mile radius all of Connecticut, all of New Jersey, all of those counties of Pennsylvania which are touched or crossed by the circle, all of Long Island, while the northern boundaries of Green, Delaware, and Columbia counties are taken as the most northern boundaries of the area situated within the borders of New York state.
This list, however, will include no lichens other than those which have been identified as existing strictly within the 100 mile radius.
ECOLOGY
The territory included within the above boundaries is espe- cially well adapted for lichen study. It is perhaps as rich in this flora as any other area of similar size in the United States. District No. 1, including Staten Island, is perhaps most scanty in the lichen flora, while the Hudson region, including District 5, is very rich in all forms.
Two leading facts concerning the habitats of lichens make it comparatively easy to determine why they are found in abun-
76
dance in one place, while scanty or entirely absent in another locality. (1) They prefer very moist conditions, and in those conditions are almost invariably found upon trees, deadwood, rails, or mossy earth. (2) They naturally resist dry conditions, but if forced to adapt themselves to such environments are almost invariably found on rocks or less frequently upon sterile earth.
It is thus easy to conclude why Staten Island is so scanty in forms. It is high and dry, and affords exceedingly few streams. If swampy ground occurs, in most cases it is open to the effects of the tides, which being saline, preclude any lichen growth. Long Island produces a fairly good growth, but almost exclusively along its northern shore. This can be explained on the ground that (1) its swamps are, in the majority of cases, covered with fresh water, (2) and the shore is rocky. (3) It is comparatively low. The southern shore, until the extreme eastern end of the island is reached, is devoid of varied forms because (1) it is too low; (2) it is sandy; and (3) its swamps are lagoons having connection with the tides.
The Bronx and Westchester county are high, dry and rocky. Forests are comparatively at a premium. Crustaceous forms are the natural result and observation shows that they are practically the only forms found there. New Jersey, next to the Highland region, shows, perhaps, the most varied flora found within the 100 mile limit. Here are found many altitudes and as regards habitat,—pine barrens, rock deserts, cliffs, swamps and streams. Its forms, then, are many and varied, including the crustaceous, fruticose, and foliaceous.
At least one half of the whole number of species enumerated in this list are found at or near Closter, N. J., a village situated about three and one half miles west of the Palisades and the city of Yonkers, N. Y. This village is literally surrounded with swamps, which are veritable jungles. Here the foliaceous and fruticose forms thrive. A gradual rise toward the Hudson river produces varied crustose forms, while the base of the Palisades affords many foliaceous as well as crustose forms. Southern New Jersey produces a lichen flora comparable to that of Long Island as regards its lack of wide range of species.
uh
as
143)
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ee RAN © ORANGE om,
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~
_| j NCATLANT 16 ; %. tei a CRLAN Of, S ay 4 + DELAWARE % BAY a cae a [em a or fo y
Map of the Local Flora Range. Only the area within the c|
ase a
Eras
we
Ny
NEw) \onoon | 5
ne
SSTeTsoN, Orc, 201910
=
ircle is covered by this paper.
et
The Highland region, comprising District 4, shows the greatest _possible range. It includes rocky steeps, mountain brooks, torrents, springs and ponds, as well as swampy low ground and abundant forests. The Hudson river itself, with its mighty evaporation of comparatively fresh water, produces an ideal atmospheric condition for the growth of many species. That part of Pennsylvania included within these limits, produces by far more foliaceous than crustose forks, owing to its peculiar atmospheric condition and abundant forests.
It may be fairly concluded, therefore, that no region could afford greater opportunities for the study of lichens, because of its great differences in altitudes, soils, and atmospheric condi- tions. It consequently follows, that no region of equal area produces at the same time such ideal and such poor conditions; and so many common and varied forms.
STATIONS
The lichens listed are all found in the area composed of the above six districts, and are arranged in the order of their im- portance and relationships as originally determined by Tucker- man. The authority, station, habitat, follow. It will be noticed that the station of each district is the one most often mentioned in the list. This because all specimens found within a short radius of the station are named as at that station.
It will be noted (see map) that the entire area included within the 100 mile radius, has been divided into six districts, each having a station, around which all lichens found in that district have been grouped.
District 1—This district comprises all of the county of Rich- mond, N. Y., or Staten Island. Richmond, the county seat, is the station.
District 2—This district comprises all that part of Long Island west of the 100 mile radius. The station is Cold Spring Harbor.
District 3.—This district consists of all that part of the state of Connecticut within the 100 mile radius. The station is Ellsworth.
District 4. This district consists of all that part of New York state, north of City Hall, New York, and within the 100 mile radius. The station is Bronx Park, New York.
78
District 5.—This district consists of that portion of the state of Pennsylvania within the 100 mile radius and that portion of the state of New Jersey, north of a straight line extending from Perth Amboy southwest to Trenton. The station is Closter.
District 6.—This district consists of all that part of the state of New Jersey south of a straight line extending from Perth Amboy southwest to Trenton and north of the 100 mile radius. The station is Newfield.
AUTHORITIES
Tuckerman is held as the authority in compiling this list for various reasons, the most important of which are the following: (1) He was and is our foremost American authority. (2) He was thoroughly conversant with American forms and conditions. (3) His descriptions, though from some standpoints obscure, are much clearer in their application to American lichens than those of European authorities. For purposes of comparison, the speci- mens in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden were accepted as correctly identified, only on such good authority as that of Leighton, Willey, Miss Clara Cummings, and Bruce Fink.
All recent and accepted changes in nomenclature occurring since the death of Tuckerman are included. Several genera (Acolium, Graphis, Calicium, etc.) have been identified under other authorities, principally Nylander and Fries.
ABBREVIATIONS
In preparing a list of this length, many repetitions necessarily occur, as regards stations, habitat, and authority. Conse- quently, after their first insertion, such are abbreviated.
I. Order: GYMNOCARPI (Schrad.) Fr. = GYMNOCARPALES (Luyken) Fr. Sub-order: CYCLOCARPINEAE (Wain). I. Group: RADIATAE Hue
Family 1. Usneei = Usneaceae Eschew.
Genus 1. Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. Closter, N. J. Common. trees. = composite material.
U. longissima Ach. Ocean, N. J. t. U. angulata Ach. Palisades, N. J.; C. t: U. barbata ceratina Schaer. Atco, N. J., May’s Land- = plicata (L.) Web. ing, Closter, N. J. lfc U. barbata plicata Fr. Camden, N. J.; C. (e =plicata var. Huei (Borst.) Howe. U. barbata dasypaoga Fr. Camden, N. J.; C. te = barbata (L.) Web. U. barbata florida Fr. Gamden> Nee; Co € te = florida (L.) Web. U. barbata hirta Fr. (Cx (bs = floridaf. hirta (L.) Ach. U. barbata rubiginea Michx. Philaz Pa. (€: t. = florida ft. rubiginea Michx. U. trichodea Ach. Otter Pond, N. J., Young; Orient, L. I. sige Genus 2. Evernia furfuracea (L.) Mann. C.; Catskill, N. Y. le = Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach. E. furfuracea Cladonia Tuck. C. t.
= Parmelia furfuracea var. Cladonia (Tuck.) Howe.
E. trunastri (L.) Ach. Cat.; Ellsworth, Conn. t. and = Letharia thamnodes (Flot. ) fences. Hue. Genus 3. Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. C.; Summit Mt., N. Y.; = composite. Peach Bottom, Pa. Common. t. and rocks R. calicaris canaliculata Fr. C.; Summit Mt., N. J. te = canaliculata (Fr.) Herre. R. calicaris farinacea Schaer. C. t. = farinacea (L.) Ach. R. calicaris fastigata Fr. & tie = fastigiata (Per.) Ach. emend. R. calicaris fraxinea Fr. Phila. t
= fastigata var. subam- pliata (Nyl.) Howe.
R. rigida (Ach.) Pers. ING Ve City7 Atco; N- J-; = Urlleyi Howe. Camden, N. J. t. Genus 4. Alectoria jubata (L.) Ach. (Ge t. = composite A. jubata implexa Fr. Cc: earth.
= jubata var. implexa (Hoffm.) Fr.
Genus 5.
Genus I.
Genus 2.
80
A. jubata chalybeiformis Ach. C.; Jamaica, L. I. earth and = chalybeiformis (L.) S. F. firs Gray.
A. jubata bicolor Fr. Susquehanna, Pa. earth = bicolor (Ehrh.) Nyl. :
A. ochroleuca (Ehrh.) Nyl. Susquehanna, Pa. e:
Telochistes chrysopthalmus (L.)
Norm. C. Greenpoint, L. I.; Phila.; Vineland; Cam.., N. J. Common. r. 2. Group: RADIATI-STRATOSI Hue Family 1. Cladoniei = Cladoniaceae
Stereocaulon denudatum Floerk. C.; Pal. rocks
S. paschale (L.) Ach. Pal.; Sus. e., r
S. tomentosum Fr. C. e.
Cladonia rangiferina alpestris Wg C.; Ja. logs. = alpestris (L.) Rabenh.
C. rangiferina sylvatica L. C.; Staten Id.; Ells. e. = sylvatica Hoffm.
C. papillaria (Ehrh.) Hoffm. C.; Cat.; Pt. Jefferson,
INANE gravelly earth.
C. macilenta Hoffm. (Ehrh.) C.; Pal.; Ja.; Ells. Com-
mon. logs.
C. cornucopioides (L.) Fr. C.; Fhila.; Richmond = coccifera (L.) Willd. Hill, L. I.; Pal.; Ells. e.
C. coccifera (Schaer.) Spic. G& stumps, e.
C. bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer. Princess Bay, St. Id. e
C. cristatella Tuck. Rich. Hill, Phila.; Todt
Hill, St. Id.; Richmond, St. Id.; Princess Bay, St. Id. Common. Gop Es
C. lepidata Fr. G = C. cristatella var. ochro- carpia Tuck.
C. uncialis (L.) Web. C.; Rich.; Ridgewood;
Bridgeton, N. J.
C. uncialis adunca Ach. (OF = uncialis (L.) Web.
C. furcata (Huds.) Schaer. jenn (Ce e.
C. fimbriata adspersa Tuck. C; e. = C. furcata var. scabriu- scula (Del.) Coem.
C. furcata racemosa (Hoffm.)
Fl. GeNE Yo G3 Ells: é.
C. furcata subulata F\. = v. palamaea (Ach.) Nyl.
C.; Pal.; Pt. Jeff.
Genus 3.
81
C. furcata crispata F1. = crispata (Ach.) Flot. C. squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm.
C. Botryella Nyl. =?
C. caespiticia (Pers.) FI.
C. squamosa delicata Fr. = delicata (Ehrh.) Fik.
C. turgida (Ehrh.) Hoffm.
C. mitrula Tuck.
C. gracilis symphiacarpa Tuck.
= subcariosa Nyl. C. cariosa (Ach.) Spreng.
C. pyxidata symphicarpia Nyl. = alpicola Wain.
C. decortica (Floerk.) Spreng.
C. gracilis elongata (Jacq.) Flk.
C. gracilis hybrida Schaer.
var. Karelica
= var. chordalis (Floerk.). C. cornuta (L.) Schaer.
C. degenerans (Floerk.) Spreng.
C. verticillata evoluta Fr. C. gracilis verticillata Fr.
= verticillata Hoffm. C. pyxidata (L.) Fr.
C. fimbriata (L.) Fr. C. fimbriata tubaeformis Fr.
= var. simplex (Weis.) Flot. Baeomyces aeruginosus (Scop.).
IDKE. = Icmadophila (L.) Zahlbr. B. byssoides (L.) Schaer.
ericetorum
B. roseus Pers.
B. icmadophilus Nyl. = Icmadophila (L.) Zahlbr.
ericetorum
ce e. (C e. C.; Flushing, L. I. decayed logs. INS WK ES e. Tarrytown, N. Y.; Ja. ie: (e, wood. Cc e. C.; Pal.; N. Y. C.; Green- wood Cem., Bklyn. Common. G: GE Venviss NeYesIN= Ye City; Todt H. Common. e. @Cate- Pils: e. Ja. e. @ e. G3) Cats: r., logs. GC: e. G: e. Ja. e. C.; Ells. e. 3 Oysters Bay, 1.1: St. Id.; Safe Harbor, site li¢hs JPmvikins Iie common. e. Cras Rich.-aeale e., logs. Ja. e C.; Summit Lake, N. J. decaying wood. INE ve: decaying wood Ce odtaa Le evalley, Stream, I, i: Law- rence, L.I. Common. e. St. Id.; Shelbourne, N. Wa e.
*Genus I.
Genus I.
Genus 2.
Genus 3.
82
3. Group: STRATOSAE Hue.
Family 1. Pseudophyciaceae Pseudophyscia comosa (Eschw.) Nyl. & Cam. = Anaptychia comosa (Eschw.) Mass.
P. aquila (Ach.) Hue New Lots, L. I. = Physcia aquila (Ach.) Nyl.
P. aquila var. detonsa Tuck. PalnG€: = Physcia aquila detonsa Tuck. P. aquila detonsa (Tuck.). Pal. = Physcia detonsa Fr. P. speciosa (Wulf.) Miill. Ce als = Physcia speciosa (Wullf.) (Ach.) Nyl. P. speciosa var. galactophylla Tuck. (& = Physcia speciosa galacto- phylla (Tuck.). P. hypoleuca (Muhl.) Hue. C.; Cam.; Atco; Flush- = Physcia hypoleuca ing, L. I. (Muhl.) Tuck. ;
Family 2. -Physciaceae Physcia hispida (Schreb.) Fr. ‘C. = tenella (Scop.) Nyl.
P. tribacea (Ach.) Tuck. R. Hill.; C., common. P. stellaris (L.) Nyl. St. Id.; C.; Pal. Common. P. pulverulenta (Hoffm.) Nyl. Cam.; Cat.; C.; Atco. P. obscura (Ehrh.) Th. Fr. C.; Cam.; Rich.; Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. P. obscura endochrysea Nyl. ye Camr = var. endococcina (Koeb.) Th. Fr. P. adglutinata (Floerk.) Nyl. C. Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. C.; Pal.; Cen. Park, N. Y.; Cam. P. sorediata (Ach.) Fr. C. Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr. Flatbush; Flushing; C.; = Telochistes parietinus Ridgewood, L. I. (L.) Norm. X. lychnea (Ach.) Th. Fr. St. Id.; C.; Flatbush,
= Telochistes lychneus Nyl. INDY. X. polycarpa (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. C.; Cam.
= Telochistes polycarpus
(Ehrh.) Tuck.
Genus I.
Genus 2.
*Genus I.
*Genus 2.
85
Family 3.
Buellia stellulata (Tayl.) Mudd.
B. spuria (Schaer) Korb.
B. dialyta (Nyl.) Tuck.
B. parasema (Ach.) Koerb. = Lecidea parasema Ach.
B. myriocarpa (Ach.) Mudd. = Buellia myriacarpa (D. C.) Mudd.
B. Schraeret De Not
B. petraea (Flot. and Koerb.) Tuck. = Rhizocarpon petraea (Wulf.) Mass.
B. petraca Montagnei Tuck.
B. Elizae Tuck.
B. lactea Mass. = Polyblastea lactea (Mass.) Korb.
Buelliaceae
C: Ce C E Cc:
(C. C.; Sus. (Coe Sie
New Bedford, Ct. Ce Pal:
B. pullata Tuck. IPE, [ei B. vernicorna Tuck. Cc Rinodina constans Nyl. (A = Maronea constans Zw. R. Ascociscana Tuck. Sus. R. sophodes (Ach.) Th. Fr. (Ce R. sophodes confragosa Nyl. (Ce = R. confrogosa (Ach.) Koerb. Family 4. Caloplacaceae Blastema ferrugineum (Huds.) Arn. C = Placodium ferrugineum (Huds.) Hepp. B. ferrugineum nigrescens (Tuck.) (e; =P. ferrugineum nigres- cens (Tuck.) Fr. B. rupestris (Scop) Zahlbr. INfe We (C = P. rupestre (Scop.) Br. and Rostr. Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) AM; Ir 35 Rich:
= Placodium aurantiacum (Lightf.) Naeg. and Hepp. P. cerinum (Ehrh.) Zahlbr.
C. Common.
ee Ganwe
tite teas r., fence.
Ee Genwe
tae ewe
d. w.
*Genus I.
*Genus 2.
* Genus 3.
Genus 4.
84
C. aurantiaca erytheilum (Ach.). C. = P. aurantiacum erythel- lum Ach.
C. cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr.
= P. cinnabarinum (Ach.) Id. Anz. Family 5. Parmeliaceae Platysma glaucum (L.) Nyl. Bergen Co. =Cetraria glauca (L). Ach. P. lacunosum var. Atlanticum (Tuck.) Nyl. C3" Ja; Cold) ‘Spring = C. lacunosa Ach. Harbor, L. I.
C.; Ft. Wadsworth, St.
P. aurescens (Tuck.) Nyl. = C. aurescens Tuck. P. lepatizon (Ach.) Wain.
Passaic, IN, Joe (C.e (C2 S;
ile C.; Del. Water Gap, Pa.
=C. Fahlunensis (L.)
Schaer. P. juniperina (L.) Nyl. (CS = C. juniperina (L.) Ach. P. juniperina var. Pinastri (Ach.) Nyl. Bergen Co. =C. juniperina Pinastri Ach.
P. Fendleri (Tuck.) Nyl. = C. Fendleri Tuck.
P. Oakesianum (Tuck.) Nyl. = C. Oakesiana Tuck.
P. Islandica (L.) Ach. = C. Islandica (L.) Nyl.
C.; Cam.; Atlantic, N. J.
Cat.
Ulster Co., N. Y.; Rich. Hill, Del. Water Gap. Common.
Nephromopsis ciliaris (Ach.)
Hue. C.; East N. Y.; Brainerd,
= C. ciliaris Ach. Ct. Common. Anzia colpodes (Michx.) Stizb. At., Bergen Co. Com- mon. = Parmelia colpodes (Ach.) Nyl. Parmelia caesia Fr. (Ce = Physica caesia (Hoffm,) Nyl. P. crinita Ach. C.; Ridg.; Ber. Co. P. cetrata Ach. =? At. P. laevigata (Sm.) Nyl. =? Ocean, N. J.; Monmouth, IN do P. pertusa (Schrank) Schaer. Ber. Co.; Oc.
(Ach.) Nyl.
fences.
*Genus 5.
*Genus 6.
*Genus I.
*Genus 2.
Genus 3.
85
P. olivacea (L.) Ach. P. Borreri Turn.
. Borreri rudecta Tuck. . caperata (L.) Ach. . conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach.
ne} re) Se)
P. saxitalis (L.) Fr.
P. saxitalis sulcata (Tayl.) Nyl. é
P. tiliacea (Hofftm.) Flk.
P. perforata (Jacq.) Ach.
P. perlata (L.) Ach. = olivaria (Ach.) Hue P. physodes (L.) Ach. P. centrifuga (L.) Ach. Parmeliopsis aleurites (Ach.) Nyl. = Cetraria aleurites (Ach.) Th. Fr. and Parmelia aleu- rites Nyl. P. placorodia Ny). = C. placorodia Nyl. P. ambigua (Wulf.) Ach. = Parmeliopsis ambigua Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arn. = Telochistes concolor (Dicks.).
C Cam
(C25 LBirie Se licks Cone anus; Flatlands, Glen Cove, L.I. Common.
CsStealas
C.; Pal. Common.
C.; St. Id.; Prospect Pk., B’klyn; Ridg.; Pater- son, N. J. Common.
C.; Ridg.; Bra.; Val.; St.
(On S, dele
C.; Val. St. Common.
Cia Rich! Rides Git— fords, St. Id.
Cl Ss. He-Ridgs- Vale St.
Oc.; Monmouth, N. J.
C.; Valley Stream, L. I.
CiGampe-wRich=1Stlde
Family 6. Lecanoraceae
Candelariella vitellinum (Ehrh.) Muhl. Arg. = Placodium vitellinum (Ehrh.) Naeg. and Hepp. Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr. = Baeomyces aeruginosus (Scop.) D. C.
I. ericetorum Nyl. (Zahlbr.) = B. icmadophilus Ny]. Lecanora fuscata (Schrad.)
ADjoke 1Bree = Acarospora fuscata (Schrad.) Arn.
Rich.; Bay Ridge, L. I.
C.; Sum. Lake; N. J.
St. Id.; Shelbourne, N. Ve. Chester, N. J.
es Ge
Genus I.
86
L. tartarea (L.) Ach. = Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) Mass.
L. varia (Ehrh.) Nyl.
L. varia saepincola Fr. L. atra (Huds.) Ach. L. Bockit (Fr.) Th. Fr.
= L. gibbosa (Ach.). L. muralis (Schreb.) Tuck. L. xanthophana Nyl. L. pallescens (L.) Schaer. = Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) Mass. pallida (Schreb.) Schaer. rubina (Vill.) Wain. subfusca (L.) Ach. pallida cancriformis Tuck.
Satan
= L. albella v. cancriformis (Tuck.) Herre. L. allophana Nyl. L. subfusca distans (Ach.) Nyl. L. Hageni Ach. L. Willeyi Tuck. L. Cupressi Tuck. L. orosthea (Sw.) = Lecanora symmicta Nyl. L. athroocarpa (Dub.) Nyl. = Lecidea athroocarpa Ach. L. cinerea Ach. L. lacustris (With.) Nyl.
L. cervina (Pers.) Nyl. = Acarospora chlorophana (Walbg.) Mass. or =A. squamulosa (Schrad.) Th. Fr. L. cervina discreta Nyl. = A. discreta (Ach.) Th. Fr. L. privigna Nyl. = Biatorella simplex (Dav.) Br. and Rostr.
Family 7. Pertusaria multipuncta (Turn.) Nyl. P. globularis Ach.
C.; Ells.; Pal.
C.; Ridg.; Glen Cove, ites
C.; Ridg.
Poestenkill, N. J.
Grea
(Co
(Gop lel
C.; Pal.
C.; Ridg.; Flat.; Val. St. Haverstraw, N. Y.; Sus. At.; Val. St.; Rich. Hill. C.
Rich. Hill.
(ee Cc. C; G: (Cr C.
Cleat
Pertusariaceae
(Ce (O53 (Cale,
e., r
tous
Gases
te
I.
it
Bon Gly Vii
Ep
iP
t2,. 1s 1deawe
tr., rails.
ts
Gi eTie
(Gaemls.
i., fences.
(Ec
ite
t.
sandstone.
r. under water
ig
ifs
ie
ts
tion
Genus I. Genus 2.
Genus I.
Genus 2.
Genus I.
Genus 2.
Genus I.
87
P. velata (Turn.) Nyl.
P. communis DC.
P. leioplaca (Ach.) Schaer. P. pustulata Duby.
@yaRads:
Ge Sie lds Rade. (es
(Cus ane Tallin
P. glomerata (Schleich.) Schaer. Ja.
P. Wulfenii (DC.) Fr. Cat. Family 8. Acarosporaceae Biatorella (see Lecanora). Acarospora (see Lecanora). Family 9. Stictaceae
Sticta crocata (L..) Ach. Cc. S. quercizans (Michx.) Ach. @ Pall Sus:
= Lobaria quercizans
Michx. S. pulmonaria (L.) Ach. C.; Pal. Common.
= Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.
S. amplissima (Scop.) Mass. = Lobaria amplissima (Seop.) Arn.
S. aurata (Sm.) Ach.
Pale-aNe Wotss Ney eC: Newfield, N. J.; Mata- moras, Pa.; Safe Har- bor, Pa. Common.
Gloucester, N. J.
S. sylvatica (Huds.) S. F. Gray. Cat. Lobaria (see Sticta).
Family 10. Peltigeraceae Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm. c:
P. canina (L.) Hoffm. P. canina spuria Ach.
= P. spuria (Ach.) DC. P. apthosa (L.) Hoffm.
P. korizontalis (L.) Hoffm. P. polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm. P. rufescens (Sw) Hoffm. Nephroma tomentosum
Ce Pal alas ias
C., Glou.; Old Fields, N. Ve
C.; Phila.; Bra.; Peek- skill; Fishkill.
(Cue lee,
sus
C.; Newf.; Glou., N. J
(Hoffm.) Koerb. C. N. Helveticum Ach. (E28 (CHie, N. laevigatum Ach. C.; Cam.; At. Family 11. Pannariaceae Pannaria try plophylla (Ach.) Mass. Newf.
= Parmeliella tryptophylla
Miill. Arg. P. molybdaea (Pers.) Tuck. = Collema molybdium
Newf.; C.; Salem; Hack- ensack, N. J.
ibe, (Bion bon
ne aats”
mosses.
T.,
I. Yr. Yr.
r. in
(fo
ota Wein pe ta}
Genus 2.
Genus 3.
Genus 4.
Genus I.
Genus 2.
Genus I.
88
P. molybdaea cronia Nyl. = Collema molybdium var. cronia (Nyl.). P. languinosa (Ach.) Koerb. P. byssina (Hoffm.) Tuck. = Dichodium byssinum (Ach.) Nyl. P. nigra (Huds.) Nyl. = Placythium nigrum (Huds.) S. Gray. P. rubiginosa (Thunb.) Delis.
P. leucosticta Tuck.
P. microphylla (Sw.) Delis. P. lurida (Mont.) Nyl.
= Physma lurida Mont. Hydotheria venosa Russ. Parmeliella (see Pannaria). Placyrthium (see Pannaria).
Family 12.
Gyrophora (see Umbilicaria).
Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Nyl. = Gyrophora (L.) Ach.
U. Dilleni Tuck. = G. Dilleni (Tuck.) Mil. Arg.
U. Muhlenbergit (Ach.) Tuck. = G. Muhlenbergiit (Ach.) Schneid.
U. papulosa Tuck. =U. pustulata papulosa Tuck.
U. pustulata (L.) Hoffm.
vellea
U. Pennsylvanica Hoffm. U. hirsuta (Ach.) Stenh. = G. hirsuta (L.) Ach.
Family 13. Lecidea contigua Fr. L. enteroleuca Ach. L. granosa Tuck. = Toninia granosa (Tuck.). L. tessellina Tuck.
Sus.
C.; Pal. C.; Cam.; Hack.
C.; Hack.
Newf.; Ulster Co., N. Y.; Shadaken, Pa. C.; Newf.; Weehawken,
N. J.
Cc.
C.; Pal.; Cam.; At.; N. Y.C.; Newf.
C. V. under water.
Gyrophoraceae
Cc:
Sus.
C.; Sus.
Rockland Co.
Garrison’s; Washington Heights, N. Y. C.; ‘Morris Pond, N. J.
Sus.; Mat.; Pa.
Cat.
Lecidiaceae
C.; St. Id.; Ja. Common. (Cu8 Cait. Ce
C.
ete ae
a
., bricks.
89
L. albocoerulescens (Wult.)
Schaer. R. Hill, West Graham, Ce r. L. muscorum Koerb. G r. = Bacidia muscorum (Ach.) Mudd. L. alba (Schl.) Nyl. = ? St. Id. ite L. elaeochroma Tuck. (e 165
= Lecidea parasema v. ela- eochroma (Tayl.) Ach.
L. spilota Fr. CG Ic = Lecidea tessellata Fek.
L. lutea Schaer. Newf. it = Biatorina lutea (Dicks.) Arn.
Genus 2. Psora (see Biatora). Genus 3. Catillaria (see Biatora). Genus 4. Biatorina (see Biatora).
Genus 5. Biatora anthracophila Nyl. Cc; pine wood.
= Lecidea anthracophila Nyl.
B. campestris Fr. Cr erat e. = Biatorella campestris (ire) Iai, Iie.
B. chlorantha Tuck. Cart: pine wood. = Bacidia chlorantha (Tuck.) Fink. .
B. chlorosticta Tuck. Cc cedar bark. = Bacidia chlorosticta (Tuck.).
B. cuprea (Sommerf.) Fr. Pine Is.; N. Y. cedar bark. = Lecidea cuprea Sommerf.
B. geophana Nyl. ec e:
B. granulosa (Ehrh.) Poetsch. Todt Hill, St. Id. sand. = Lecidea granulosa (Ehrh.) Schaer.
B. cupreo-rosella Ny. Orange Co., N. Y. ie = Bilimbia cupria Mass.
B. exigua (Schrad.) Ach. (Ce r. = Rinodina exigua (Ach.) IMs Iie
B. hypnophila Turn. (Ce trop, Gla Atv = Bilimbia hypnophila (Ach.) Th. Fr.
B. icteria Mont. orale e.
= Psora icteria (Mont.) Fink.
90
B. mixta Fr. - 1emill. = Biatorina mixta (With.) Fink.
B. parvifolia (Pers.) Tuck. Ce = Lecidea parvifolia (Pers.)
Nyl.
B. rubella Fr. C.; Pal.; Newf.
= Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) Mass.
B. Russellit Tuck. C.; Sus. = Psora Russelliit (Tuck.) Fink.
B. Resinae Fr. GC: = Biatorella resinae (Fr.)
AN Jie
B. rufo-nigra Tuck. Pal. = Lecidea rufo-nigra (Tuck.) Hasse.
B. russula (Ach.). CG: = Biatorina russula Ach.
B. sanguineo-atra (Fr.) Tuck. C. = Bacidia atrasanguineo (Schaer.) Th. Fr.
B. suffusa Fr. C- = Bacidia fuscorubella v. suffusa (Fr.) Fink.
B. uliginosa (Schrad.) Ach. « C.
= Lecidea uliginosa (Schrad.) Ach.
B. umbrina Ach. (es = Bacidia umbrina (Ach.) Br. et Rostr. B. varians Ach. C.; common.
= Lecidea varians Ach. B. vernalis (L.) Fr. (Cs, Cai. = Lecidea vernalis (L.) Ach. B. viridescens (Schrad.) Fr. Cc: = Lecidea viridescens (Schrad.) Ach.
B. Schweinitzii Fr. C.; Newf.
= Bacidia Schweinitzii (Tuck.) Fink.
B. inundata Fr. G: = Bacidia inundata (Fr.) Koerb.
B. fossarum (Duff.) Mont. C.
= Biatorella fossarum (Duff.) Th. Fr.
white pine.
rotting log;
e. r., rails. bor, ls SY its rotting wood. rotting wood. rotting wood. ts
Genus 6. Genus 7. Genus 8. Genus 9. *Genus 10.
*Genus I.
*Genus 2.
Genus I.
oi
B. nigra Tuck. GE: =? B. decolorans (Hoffm.) Fr. (Cz
= Lecidea decolorans (Hoffm.) Schaer.
B. tricolor With. (ee = catillaria tricolor, (With). Adios Ihe
B. denigrata Fr. Ce. = Biatorina synothea,(Ach.) Koerb.
B. fusco-rubella Hofim. & = Bacidia fusco-rubella (Hoffm.) Arn.
Bacidia (see Biatora).
Bilimbia (see Biatora).
Toninia (see Biatora).
Rhizocarpon (see Buellia).
Lopadium vulpinum (Tuck.). = Heterothecium vulpinum Tuck. Atlantic Co., N. J.
L. pezizoideum (Ach.) Koerb. =H. pezizoideum (Ach.) C. Flot.
Family 14. Diptochistaceae
Conotrema urceolatum (Ach.)
Tuck. CaWaleSt: = Gyrostomum urceolatum Fr. Diplochistes scruposus (L.) Norm. (Cz = Urceolaria scruposa (L.) Nyl.
Family 15. Graphidaceae Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. Gy Nees C2 Rich=) Git= fords, St. Id.; Conewa- go, Pa. Common.
G. scripta graciliens Nyl. C. S. Harbor. G. scripta f. recta Nyl. CG Raleaoteld: G. scripta assimilis Nyl. Cc
G. erumpens Nyl. Giff.
G. elegans (Sm.) Ach. Cy
G. dendritica Ach. Gi Pal:
= Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Miill. Arg. G. sculpturata Ach. (Ce
fir bark.
Aeon o a8
Genus 2. Genus 3.
Genus 4.
Genus I. Genus 2.
Genus I.
92
Phaeographis (see Graphis). Opegrapha varia Pers.
O. varia rimalis Fr.
O. vulgata Ach.
O. viridis Pers.
Xylogropha parallela (Ach.) Fr.
C. Newf.; St. Id.; Rich.
Hall Wt
(Ce c: Cc
Lakewood, N. J.
Family 16. Arthoniaceae
Arthothelium (see Arthonia). Arthonia glaucescens Nyl. A. lecidella Nyl. A. astroidea Ach. = Arthonia radiata Ach. A. spectabilis Ach. = Arthothelium spectabile Mass. A. punctiformis Ach. A. glebosa Tuck.
C.; Newf. & CerEiics
4. Group: COLLEMAE Hill.
Family 1. Collemaceae
Collema microphyllum Ach. = Leptogium microphyllum (Ach.) Zahlbr.
C. tenax (Sw.) Ach.
C. furvum Ach.
C. myriococcum (Ach.) Arn.
C. pycnocarpum Nyl. = Synechoblastus pycnocar- pum (Nyl.) Fink.
C. verruciforme Nyl.
C. cyrtaspis Tuck. = Synechoblastus cyrtaspis (Tuck.) Fink.
C. leptaleum Tuck.
C. floccidum Ach. = Synechoblastus flaccidus
(Ach.) Trev.
C. nigrescens (Leers) Wain.
C. nigrescens leucopepla Tuck. =C. vespertilio (Lightf.) Wain.
C. ryssoleum Tuck. = Synechoblastus ryssoleus (Tuck.) Fink.
C. pulposum (Bernh.) Ny].
CC
(or
Cc:
C.; Limestone, N. Y. (CePA:
(Cos 1Pal
(C.
(oe
@3;) Jas ValaSet
CG: Bats. to N. J. Cee ale
CxpPale
ce sage
ez
Genus 2.
Genus 3. Genus 4.
Genus I.
Genus I.
Genus I.
Genus
=
Genus I. Genus 2. Genus 3.
93
C. plicatile Schaer. = Leptogium plicatile (Ach.) Nyl.
Leptogium bolacinum Stizenb. = Dentriscocaulon bolacinum Nyl.
L. tremelloides (L. fil.) Wain.
L. myccochorum saturinun
Schaer.
. palmatum (Huds.) Mont.
. chloromelum (Sm.) Nyl.
. dactyinum Tuck.
SUIS ist le
. lacerum (Sm.) Fr.
= L. scotinum (Ach.) Fr. L. pulchellum (Ach.) Ny]. L. saturinum (Dicks.) Ny. L. tenuissimum (Sm.) Koerb. Synechoblastus (see Collema). Dendriscocaulon (see Lepto- gium).
Ulster Co., N. Y.
C7 y Bian Catecaa:
(Oe
Cc
Pale
Pal.; Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Gea
C- (Ce €
Family 2. Heppiaceae
Heppia Despreauxii (Mont.) Tuck. = H. virescens (Despr.) Nyl.
Cam.
Family 3. Lichinaceae
Lichina confinis Ag.
Pal.
Family 4. Pyrenopsidaceae
Pyrenopsis Schroederi (Mass.) Nyl. = Psorotichia Schaereri (Mass.) Arn.
Sus.
Family 5. Ephebaceae
Ephebe pubescens Fr. = FE. lanata (L.) Wain.
CheeSuss
Sub-order: CONIOCARPINEAE Meyer,
Family 1. Caliciaceae
Chaenotheca (see Calicium). Stenocybe (see Calicium). Calicium tigillare (Fee) DC. = Cyphelium tigillare Th. Fr. C. byssacaum Fr. = Stenocybe byssacaum (Fr.) Nyl.
CepAt:
Genus I.
Genus I.
Genus I.
*Genus 2.
*Genus 3.
*Genus 4.
*Genus I.
94
C. Curtisii Tuck.
C. curtum Turn. & Borr.
C. fuscipes Tuck.
C. phaeocephalum (Turn.) Turn and Borr. & = Chaenotheca phaeoceph- ala (Turn.) Th. Fr.
A090
C. roscidum roscidilum Ny]. (ee C. roscidum (F1.) Nyl. Ocean, N. J. C. subtile Fr. Cc. = C. parieturnum Ach. C. tubaeforme Tuck. c:
II: Order PYRENOCARPALES Wain
Family 1. Mycoporaceae Mycoporum pycnocarpumNyl. C.
Family 2. Trypetheliaceae
Try pethelium virens Tuck. @: Pali: Ogden; Pa:
T. cruentium Mont. Salem, N. J. = Milanotheca cruenta (Mont.) Miill. Arg.
Family 3. Pyrenulaceae
Pyrenula hylaspora (Nyl.)
Tuck. (C5 P. lactea (Mass.) Tuck. CG: P. thelaena (Ach.) Tuck. CG: P. pachycheila Tuck. Newf. P. nitida (Weig.) Ach. CeiGCat:
or P. nitida (Schrad.) Ach. P. punctiformis (Ach.) Naeg. C.; Cat. P. cinchonae Tuck. Newf. P. leucoplaca (Walbr.) Koerb. C. Lepthorapsis derinidis (Ach.)
The Er: Ce PalieAt
= Sagedia oxespora (Nyl.) Tuck. Porina faginea (Korb.) Arn. Cc: = Sagedia lactea (Korb.). Polyblastiopsis lactea (Korb.) Zahlbr. C = Sagedia lactea (Kbr.)
Family 4. Dermatocarpaceae
Dermatocar pon arboreus (Fr.) Fink. C.; Newf. = Endocarpon arboreum
jolt
- W.
d. w. d. w.
ig
d. w.
(Schweinitz). D. hepaticum (Ach.). 3-7 Pale d. w. = FE. hepaticum Ach. D. rufescens (Ach.) Zahlbr. (er d. w. = FE. rufescens (Ach.). D. miniatum (L.) Mann. Oranges Cow Ne, Ye: = E. miniatum (L.) Schaer. Youngs, L. I. d. w. D. fluviatile (Weis.) Th. Fr. (ox t. = FE. miniatum aquatium Schaer. D. miniatum complicatum Sw. C.; Pal. t.
= E. miniatum complicatum Schaer. Family 5. Verrucariaceae
Genus 1. Thrombium (see Verrucaria).
Genus 2. Verrucaria epigaea (Pers.) Ach. c: t. =Thrombium epigaea(Pers.) Walbr.
V. nitida Schrad. (Ce ie = Pyrenula nitida ‘Ach.) Weig. ’ Boys Hicu ScHoot, BROOKLYN, N. Y.
NEWS ITEMS.
Dr. M. A. Brannon, dean of the college of letters and science, and professor of botany, at the University of North Dakota, assumed the duties of president at the University of Idaho on April 1.
Professor Bohumil Shimek, of the department of botany, University of Iowa, sailed for Europe on April 9. He will spend six months abroad studying the work and methods of various European universities, and will devote considerable time to a study of the loess formations of the Old World. Professor Shimek will deliver a series of lectures at the University of Prague during May and June. .
We !earn from Science that the seventieth birthday, on March 25, of Professor Adolf Engler, the director of the Royal Botanic Garden and Museum at Dahlem, near Berlin, was celebrated in the presence of many eminent German and foreign botanists, by several functions. According to the account in Nature, on
96
the day itself, Professor Pax, rector of the University of Breslau, with Professors Diels and Gilg, as its editors, presented to Pro- fessor Engler a copy of the Fest-Band of Engler’s “Botanische Jahrbiicher.”” The volume forms a supplement to the fiftieth volume of this publication, and consists of more than forty illustrated contributions, largely from his pupils. Professor Haberlandt presented Professor Engler, on behalf of hundreds of subscribers, with his life-size marble bust, the work of the sculptor, A. Manthe. On March 26 there was a banquet at which the official world was represented; and on March 27 the monthly meeting of the Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft was converted into an ‘“‘Engler’’ meeting, and Professor von Wett- stein gave, by special invitation, a lecture on the phylogenetic evolution of the Angiosperm flower.
Mr. G. R. Bisby of the staff of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, has been given a leave of absence from the garden, in order to accept a position as plant pathologist for the season with a potato grower of northern Maine. He is working under general super- vision of Dr. Melhus of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
‘The Austrian Zoological and Botanical Society has awarded the Archduke Rainer gold medals to two members of Yale University, Dr. Ross G. Harrison, Bronson professor of com- parative anatomy, and Dr. George R. Wieland, lecturer in paleobotany.
We learn from the daily papers of the death on April 28, at Paris, of the botanist Philippe Edouard Leon Van Tieghem. He was born on the roth of April, 1829, at Bailleul, France. He was an officer of the Legion of Honor, was perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences, Paris, and was a professor at the Museum of Natural History and the Institut Agronomique. He was the author of many botanical books and papers, but his most dis- tinguished work in recent vears was the editorship of the botanical section of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles.
ie
The Torrey Botanical Club Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six ~ gratuitous copies of the number of TorREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof. -
ae Reprints should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor, The New Era Printing Co. 41 North Queen _ Street, Lancaster, Pa., have furnished the following rates :
“i 2pp. 4pp —_ 8pp 12pp 16pp 20pp
25 copies $ .75 «=: $1.05 $1.30 $1.80 $2.20 $2.50 50 copies 90 1.20 1.70 2.20 2.50 2.85. 100 copies 1.15 1.55 1.95 2.55 2.90 3.20
200 copies 1.70 2.35 2.90 3.75 4.35 4.70 Covers : 25 for 75 cents, additional covers 1 cent each. Plates for reprints, 40 cents each per 100.
#; The following Committees have been appointed for 1914
Finance Committee Field Committee J. H. Barnwart, Chairinan SERENO STETSON, Chairman Miss €;-C. Haynes -—
Budget Committee Program. Committee J. H. Barnuart, Chairman Mrs. E. G. Britton, Chairman N. Le Britton Miss JEAN BROADHURST B. O. DopGE C. SruaRt. GAGER M. A. Howe rey SEAVER AL W. Evans H. H. Russy
Local Flora Committee - N. L. Britton, Chairman
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June, IgI4 ) No. 6
ORREYA _
A Montuty Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News
EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY NORMAN TAYLOR JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS ~ Some Midwinter Algae of Long Island Sound: M. A. HOWE.....-+.000csecercesse ceees OF
_ Occurrence of the Indian Pipe in a Xerophytic Habitat: E. D. HuLL...-:...... ena b cep Two new Tertiary Species of Trapa : E. W. BERRY... ccs1ccccceccecceceseoeeceeseneeeeaaes 105
Shorter Notes” ink ral om ! _. Whorled leaves in Gentiana: E, J. HILl......-.-..2..-csee een: eres aren OP 108 Se RPROVIEWS ANG NOLES) 65.267 icce cose sins gavcienincn ecawtgses ther ecu sonts cose nen ssnehe Seiezelns otenbiness 109 BeBe HIN soi P se ae NC Ress eRe oe roo ecg de do enercaazeteda de 112
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THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
President R. A. HARPER, PH.D.
Vice-Presidents
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D, - HERBERT M.- RICHARDS, S.D.
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BERNARD O. DODGE, Ph.D. + Columbia University, New York City
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TORREYA
June, 1914. Vol. 14 No. 6
SOME MIDWINTER ALGAE OF LONG ISLAND SOUND
By MARSHALL A. HOWE
For reasons that are more or less obvious the marine algae of the coasts of New York and New England have received little attention from collectors during the coldest months of the year. Mr. F. S. Collins once published in Rhodora* a brief paper on “Seaweeds in Winter ’”’, with a specific allusion to his experiences “at a point on the shore of Long Island Sound”’ on an intensely cold first day of January. Professor Bradley Moore Davis has more recently in his important contributions to the “ Biological Survey of the Waters of Woods Hole and Vicinity ”’ (p. 474) given a list of fifty-four species of algae ‘“‘known to be present in the cold-water sublittoral formation of the winter and spring’”’ and he remarks that the water temperatures for this formation prob- ably average under 35° F. for at least two and a half months. Exact dates are not given, but it seems to be implied that any one of the fifty-four may be found during the coldest weeks of the year. A chart illustrating the algal flora of Spindle Rocks at Woods Hole on December 30, 1904, includes eighteen species and another for March 17, 1905, shows ten species. In the detailed list of the species of the Woods Hole region there are remarks on the seasonal distribution of each, such as ‘ undoubtedly at other seasons,” ‘‘summer, undoubtedly through- out the year,’ ‘“‘at all seasons,’ etc. In a recent interesting papert on “The Seasonal | ife-Cycle of some Red Algae at Woods Hole”’ Professor I. F. Lewis outlines the life-history of several
99 66
“summer, summer,
* 2: 130-132. 1900. 7 Plant World 17: 31-35. I914. [No. 5, Vol. 14, of TORREYA, comprising pp. 73-96, was issued 14 May 1914.|
97
LIBR 4 NEW y BOT ANT GARDI
98
common red seaweeds of that region, but makes no specific. references to midwinter observations.
The present notes have been suggested by several small collec- tions of marine algae made at and near Orient, New York, by Mr. Roy Latham during the month of February of the present year, a February, by the way, that ranks among the coldest ever recorded by the New York City station of the United States Weather Bureau. Most of the specimens were found washed ashore after heavy storms and may have been passing the winter in the deeper waters, but there seems to be nothing in the list to excite suspicions as to the actual local occurrence of the species found.
The four following species were found ‘‘near the shore of Gardiner’s Bay”’ on February 7:
Scytosiphon lomentarius (Lyngb.) J. Ag. Plants 14-20 cm. long with well-developed gametangia.
Cystoclonium purpurascens (Huds.) Kiitz. Plant (or frag- ment) about Io cm. high and incipiently tetrasporic. Cysto- clonium is annotated by Davis as a summer plant at Woods Hole.
Agardhiella tenera (Ag.) J. Ag. A battered and weather-worn fragment with immature or somewhat abnormally developed tetrasporangia. Occurring with undoubted Cystoclonium pur- purascens, the specimen might possibly be suspected of represent- ing a coarse denuded condition of that species, but the mode of branching and the